Adwan

Adwan is a personal a priori conlang. Primarily inspired by the notion of high density information packing and free word order, Adwan (amhdha [ˈawða]) is characterized by a large presence of fricatives and a borderline polysynthetic morphology consisting of enclitic agglutination. Aesthetically, Adwan is heavily inspired by Polish, Welsh, and Portuguese, with an internal structure largely influenced by Basque, Nahuatl, and Latin.

Phonology

Consonants

The consonants g, and h are used with other a finite amount of other consonants to form further graphemes that represent distinct sounds, where appending g marks historical palatalization, and h lenition/spirantization. For the semivowel consonants representing the sounds /j/ and /w/ are represented by their vowel forms 'i' and 'w' when preceding a vowel and after a consonant, and by 'gh' and 'mh' otherwise, respectively. When preceding 'g', the consonants 'm' and 'n' become nasalized velar and palatal approximants /j̃/ and /w̃/, respectively.

Adwan consonant inventory

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m /m/			n /n/
Plosive	p /p/, b /b/			t /t/, d /d/		tg /cç/, dg /ɟʝ/	c /k/, g /g/1
Fricative	ph /ɸ/, bh /β/	pg /f/, bg /v/	th /θ/, dh /ð/	s /s/	rh /ʂ/, rg /ʐ/	cg /ç/	ch /x/
Approximant						gh /j/, nh /j̃/2	mh /w/, mg /w̃/2,3
Tap				r /ɾ/
Lateral fricative				lh /ɬ/, lg /ɮ/
Lateral approximant				l /l/

1. Under gemination, /g/ undergoes lenition to /ɣ/ such that the segment /g.g/ > /ɣː/, i.e., /gː/ does not occur.
2. /j̃ w̃/ only occur in falling diphthongs.
3. /w̃/ is realized as [ɰ̃]

Vowels

There are a number of 7 non-nasal, non-diphthong vowels in Adwan.

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Near-close	ɪ	ʏ ~ ʊ
Mid	e œ		o
Open	a

Furthermore, the following vowels can be "nasalized", in which a diphothong involving a nasal consonant is introduced. On introducing the nasal consonant, notice that the vowel pronunciation is also slightly changed.

I		II
amg	ɐ̃ɰ̯̃	ang	æ̃j̯̃
emg	ɛ̃ɰ̯̃	eng	ɛ̃j̯̃
omg	õɰ̯̃	ong	õj̯̃
umg	œ̃ɰ̯̃	ung	œ̃j̯̃
wmg	ũɰ̯̃	wng	ũj̯̃
ymg	ɪɰ̯̃	yng	ɪj̯̃

Morphology

Lexemes are given types, and are further distinguished amongst other lexeme types via different inflection paradigms. A lexeme typically consists of a root and an ending. A great deal of Adwan grammar may effectively be described using the correct operations of concatenation of strings (i.e., adding strings of letters to words) and vowel and consonant morphisms, in which parts of current endings are changed rather than having any new endings appended). Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and determiners are declined according to four morphological cases and two numbers, while verbs are conjugated for person, number, tense, mood, aspect, and follow a pattern of conjugating pronouns in compound constructions. Nouns follow a relatively simple declension paradigm, while verb conjugations follow a more complex pattern of use. Adjectives have two separate declension paradigms and the distinction between the two paradigms plays a large role in further compound verb constructions. Furthermore, determiners share the same declension paradigm as verb participles used in certain constructions.

Nouns

Noun cases.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-a	-amg
Accusative	-w	-e
Genitive	-y	-ygh
Instrumental	-o	-yng
Dative	-u	-ung
Locative	-o	-umg
Ablative	-y	-i
Oblique	-oe	-omh

Verbs

Coming soon

Present

Person	Singular	Plural
1	-um/em	-amg/omg
2	-et/yt	-utg/etg
3	-yr/ur	-erg/yrg
4	-ys/us	-eth/yth

Past

Notice that the past tense is formed by inserting a variable infix after the root of the verb but before the personal endings.

Person	Singular	Plural
1	-eghum/yghem	-ocamg/wcomg
2	-yghet/ughyt	-ecutg/ycetg
3	-ughyr/eghur	-ycerg/ucyrg
4	-ughys/eghus	-yceth/ucyth

Other resources

[[Category:Template:Adwan]]