Proto-Haïdic
| Proto-Haïdic | |
|---|---|
| Created by | Limius |
| Setting | Avrid |
| Native to | Fasser |
| Ethnicity | Fasserman |
Haïdic
| |
Proto-Haïdic is the reconstructed ancestor to the Haïdic language family.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Interdental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Pharyn- geal |
Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | emphatic | plain | emphatic | plain | emphatic | ||||||
| Nasal | *m | *n | |||||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | *p | *t | *t’ | *k | *k’ | *ʔ | ||||
| voiced | *b | *d | *g | ||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | *θ | *θ’ | *s | *s’ | *x | *ħ | *h | |||
| voiced | *ð | *z | *ɣ | *ʕ | |||||||
| Lateral fricative |
voiceless | *ɬ | *ɬ’ | ||||||||
| voiced | *ɮ | ||||||||||
| Approximate | *y | *w | |||||||||
Verbs
Alignment
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| full | reduced | full | reduced | full | reduced | |
| Nominative | *-i | *-Ø | *-āni | *-ān | *-īna | *-īn |
| Accusative | *-u | *-ānay | *-ūna | *-ūn | ||
| Genitive | *-a | |||||
Broadly speaking, Proto-Haïdic is reconstructed as having a nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment system, as opposed to the Bäladiri alignment system of Proto-Maro-Ephenian. Nouns in Proto-Haïdic decline for three cases; the nominative, accusative, and genitive. The verb agrees with its subject in person and number.
*aɮ’ām-a
person-GEN.SG
s’inɮ-īna
cat-NOM.PL
wilʕ-u
milk-ACC.SG
ayyi-thām
3PL-CONCL/IPFV/drink
'The person's cats are drinking the milk'
The genitive can also serve as a general oblique case, used for the indirect object with verbs like *nadiʔ ('to give').
*s’inɮ-ūna
cat-GEN.PL
wilʕ-u
milk-ACC.SG
ʔa-ndiʔ
1SG-CONCL/PFV/give
'I gave the cats milk'
*s’inɮ-ūna
cat-CC.PL
waliʕ
milk
ʔa-sithumu
1SG-INF/make_drink
=ndiʔ
=CONCL/give
'I let the cats drink the milk' Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
| Case | Clitic | Source | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Genitive | *-bay | *bayiħ ('hand') | *ʔa-bay-a s’inɮ ('my cat') |
| Accusative | *-māt | *māt ('stuff') | *ʔa-māt-u ya-ptah ('they struck me') |
| Allative | *-(a)daɮ | *ʔadaɮ ('to go') | *ʔa-bit’-a-daɮ-a ya-ʕmād ('they are walking towards my house') |
| Ablative | *-(u)θawz | *θawaz ('to leave') | *ʔa-bit’-u-θawz-a ya-ksiħ ('they came from my house') |
Derived stems
| Stem | Verb | Description | Meaning | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| adnominal | conclusive | infinitive | |||
| I | *patah | *ʔaptah | *ʔaptuhu | The simple stem for transitive and intransitive verbs. | 'I strike' |
| II | *putih | *ʔuptih | *ʔupātuhu | *u-mediopassive, used to form intransitive verbs from transitive Stem I verbs. | 'I am stricken' |
| III | *itpatah | *ʔamitpatah | *ʔamitpātuhu | Simple stem with t-infix after first radical, indicating reciprocal or reflexive. | 'we strike each other' |
| IV | *itputih | *ʔitputih | *ʔitputuhu | *u-mediopassive with t-infix after first radical, indicating reflexive. | 'I strike myself' |
| V | *pittah | *ʔapittah | *ʔapittuhu | Gemination of the second radical, indicating the intensive. | 'I destroy' |
| VI | *puttih | *ʔuputtih | *ʔuputtuhu | *u-mediopassive with gemination of the second radical, indicating the intensive mediopassive. | 'I am destroyed' |
| VII | *itpattah | *ʔamitpattah | *ʔamitpattuhu | Gemination of the second radical with t-infix after first radical, indicating intensive reciprocal or reflexive. | 'we destroy each other' |
| VIII | *itputtih | *ʔitputtih | *ʔitputtuhu | *u-mediopassive with gemination of the second radical and t-infix after first radical, indicating intensive reflexive. | 'I destroy myself' |
| IX | *siptah | *ʔasiptah | *ʔasiptuhu | *s-performative, indicating the causative of intransitive Stem I verbs. | 'I make them strike' |
| IX | *sitpatah | *ʔasitpatah | *ʔasitpātuhu | *s-performative with t-infix after first radical, indicating causative reciprocal or reflexive. | 'I make them strike each other' |
| X | *sitputih | *ʔasitputih | *ʔasitputuhu | *s-performative and *u-mediopassive with t-infix after first radical, indicating causative reflexive. | 'I make them strike themselves' |
| XI | *sipattah | *ʔasipattah | *ʔasipattuhu | *s-performative with gemination of the second radical, indicating the intensive causative. | 'I make them destroy' |
| XII | *sitpattah | *ʔasitpattah | *ʔasitpattuhu | *s-performative with gemination of the second radical and t-infix after first radical, indicating the intensive causative reciprocal or reflexive. | 'I make them destroy each other' |
| XIII | *sitputtih | *ʔasitputtih | *ʔasitpattuhu | *s-performative and *u-mediopassive with gemination of the second radical and t-infix after first radical, indicating the intensive causative reflexive. | 'I make them destroy themselves' |
Principle parts
There are three principle verb forms for each derivational stem; the adnominal, conclusive, and infinitive. Different forms are used in different environments. The adnominal modifies a noun, much in the way an English relative clause does. It agrees with the case of the noun. The conclusive comes sentence finally and signals the completion of a thought or action. The infinitive is used before other verbs to modify them, or to signal sequential or complimentary action. It is the only form that takes auxiliaries, such as the negative marker *ɬan.
*sakir-i
ADN/bloom-NOM
ðamɮ’an
flower
'The flower that blooms'
*ðamɮ’an-i
flower-NOM
ya-skir
3SG-CONCL/bloom
'The flower blooms'
*ðamɮ’an-i
flower-NOM
ya-skuru=ɬan
3SG-INF/bloom=CONCL/NEG
'The flower doesn't bloom'
*i-skuru=ɬan-i
STAT-INF/bloom=ADN/NEG-NOM
ðamɮ’an
flower
'The flower that doesn't bloom