User:IlL/Spare pages 1/55

A-Tiberian Hebrew is the same as ours but with ejectives for emphatics instead of pharyngealized consonants.

As in our timeline, Hebrew accents in the Unbegotten timeline can be divided into three major types:

• Ashkenazi-type: segol, pataħ, and qamatz are all distinct; tav is lenited (e.g. Modern Standard, Gaelic)
• Sephardi-type: segol != pataħ = qamatz; tav is not lenited (e.g. Vertlandic)
• Babylonian-type: segol = pataħ != qamatz (e.g. Indian)

Standard

Hebrew in Lõis was first revived by English-speaking Jewish immigrants in the Holy Land. Most speakers in the Holy Land today use a simplified version of English Hebrew, with a Gaelic Hebrew touch.

• Stressed vowels are slightly longer than unstressed syllables.
• TibH /p t k/ are aspirated except after fricatives; voicing assimilation works like in English
• "overuse" of glottal reinforcement relative to Vertlandic Hebrew: the Revived Hebrew phonemes /p t k ts/ are realized as [ʔp ʔt ʔk ʔts] after a vowel or /m n l/.
• beth, kaf, pe, tav without dagesh are [v, x, f, s].
• lamed is always clear [l]
• vav is [v], like in Israeli Hebrew
• A six-vowel system: /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/ = [i ɛ ɛ a ɔ ø u~ü]. /ø/ is lowered to [œ] before [χ].
• resh freely varies between [ɹ], [ɻ] and [ɾ]
• Shva is dropped using similar rules to Israeli Hebrew. If shva is pronounced as a vowel, it is pronounced as [ə].
• Ayin not before a vowel (whether shva, chataf or final) behaves much like in Israeli Hebrew: /aʕ eʕ ɔʕ oʕ iʕ uʕ/ = [ɑ: ea oa~o øa ia ua]. Nasal realizations [ɑ̃ː ɛ̃ː ɔ̃ː œ̃ː iɑ̃~ẽː uɑ̃~õː] or pharyngeal realizations (pronouncing a pharyngeal ayin) may be present in proper and formal speech.
• /h/-dropping does not occur word-initially or on the onset of a stressed syllable, except possibly in function words. The /h/ in the definite article /ha/ is not dropped phrase-initially.

The grammar is nearly identical to our Israeli Hebrew (using suffix conjugation = past, participle = present, prefix conjugation = future/imperative, l- + infinitive construct = infinitive), but different phonological simplifications are made than in Israeli Hebrew and there are calques from English not used in Israeli Hebrew, such as מה מעלה /ma ˈmaːlo/ = "what's up?"

• The compensatory lengthening rule /a/ (patakh) to /o/ (qamatz), /i/ (khiriq) to /e/ (tzere), /u/ (qubbutz) to /ø/ (holam) is consistently observed before an underlying geminate /ʔ/ (aleph or ayin) and /r/ in morphologically geminate forms such as piʕel verbs.
  • In particular, the definite article is usually ha, but always ho before Revived phonemes /ʔ r/.
• The /ʔu-/ allomorph for ו 'and' may be used hypercorrectly. In normative Hebrew this allomorph is only found before labials and C + shva where C != yud.

Vertlandic

Vertlandic Jews (called "Sephardim" in-universe) have the following features:

• begadkefat acts on /b d k p/ → /v ð x f/
• glottal reinforcement before tet, tsadi, and kuf
• segol = ə, pataħ = QG = a, tsere = əy, ħolam = əw, ħiriq = i, QQ = shuruq = u

Gaelic

Gaelic (or "Galician") Hebrew has been influenced by Ăn Yidiș and Cubrite. Similar to our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except

• /e ɔ o u/ are pronounced like Judeo-Gaelic ea o u î
• undageshed gimel is pronounced like Judeo-Gaelic gh
• /r/ is an alveolar flap
• /z/ is [ʒ]. It is [z] in the Southern accent.

Revived Galician Hebrew (revived by some secular L-Galician Jews) prefers Celtic syntax, such as VSO word order and expressions for feelings and modals. It also prefers some coincidentally Gaelic-sounding words, e.g. אַךְ ach 'but' and שָׂשׂ sos 'happy' (sounding like Judeo-Gaelic ach 'but' and sostă 'satisfied') instead of the synonyms אֲבָל avol and שָׂמֵחַ someach. For these reasons other Hebrew speakers may perceive Revived Galician Hebrew as higher-register. Religious Jews prefer to speak Judeo-Gaelic and refuse to speak any form of Revived Hebrew, because they view Hebrew as a sacred language.

Sample (Dror Yikra)

Hebrew	Standard	Judeo-Gaelic	Vertlandic
דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת שְׁבוּ נוּחוּ בְּיוֹם שַׁבָּת דְּרוֹשׁ נָוִי וְאוּלָמִי וְאוֹת יֶשַׁע עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי נְטַע שׂוֹרֵק בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמִי שְׁעֵה שַׁוְעַת בְּנֵי עַמִּי דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף וְעֶבְרָה שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא אֱלֹקים תֵּן בַּמִּדְבָּר הַר הֲדַס שִׁטָּה בְּרוֹשׁ תִּדְהָר וְלַמַּזְהִיר וְלַנִּזְהָר שְׁלוֹמִים תֵּן כְּמֵי נָהָר הֲדוֹךְ קָמַי חַי אֵל קַנָּא בְּמוֹג לֵבָב וּבִמְגִנָּה וְנַרְחִיב פֶּה וּנְמַלֶּאנָּה לְשׁוֹנֵנוּ לְךָ רִנָּה דְּעֵה חָכְמָה לְנַפְשֶׁךָ וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ	[dɹœɹ jiʔˈkɹɔ ləˈvɛn (ʔ)im bas] [vəjinʔtsɔɹˈχɛm kmø vɔˈvas] [nəˈ(ʔ)im ʃimˈχɛm vəˈlø juʃˈbas] [ʃvu nuˈχu bəˈjøm ʃaˈbɔs] [dɹøʃ nɔˈvi və(ʔ)ulɔˈmi] [vəˈ(ʔ)øs ˈjɛʃa (ʔ)aˈsɛ (ʔ)iˈmi] [nəʔˈta søˈɹɛʔk bəˈsœχ kaɹˈmi] [ʃəˈ(ʔ)e ʃavˈ(ʔ)as bnɛ (ʔ)aˈmi] [dɹœχ pʊəˈɹɔ bəˈsɔx bɔʔtsˈɹɔ] [vəˈgam bɔˈvɛl (ʔ)aˈʃɛɹ gɔvˈɹɔ] [nəˈsøʔts tsɔˈɹaj bəˈ(ʔ)af və(ʔ)ɛvˈɹɔ] [ʃma køˈli bəˈjøm (ʔ)ɛʔkˈɹɔ] [ʔɛløʔˈkim tɛn bamidˈbɔɹ haɹ] [haˈdas ʃiʔˈtɔ bəˈɹøʃ tidˈɦɔɹ] [vəlamazˈɦiɹ vəlanizˈɦɔɹ] [ʃløˈmim tɛn kəˈmɛ nɔˈhɔɹ] [həˈdœχ kɔˈmaj χaj ʔɛl kaˈnɔ] [bəˈmøg lɛˈvɔv uvimgiˈnɔ] [vənaɹˈχiv pɛ unmaˈlɛnɔ] [ləʃøˈnɛnu ləˈχɔ ɹiˈnɔ] [dəˈ(ʔ)ɛ χoχˈmo lənafˈʃɛχo] [vəˈhi ˈχɛsɛɹ ləɹøˈʃɛχo] [nəʔˈtsœɹ miʔtsˈvas kdøˈʃɛχo] [ʃmœɹ ʃaˈbos kodˈʃɛχo]	[dəˈɾuɾ jiˈkʰɹo ləˈveən ʔim bas] [vəjintsoɾˈχem kʰəmu voˈvas] [nəˈʔim ʃimˈχem wəˈlu jɨʃˈbas] [ʃəˈvɨ nɨˈχɨ bəˈjum ʃaˈbos] [dəˈɾuʃ noˈvi vəʔɨloˈmi] [vəˈʔus ˈjeʃa ʔaˈseə ʔiˈmi] [nəˈtʰa suˈɾeək bəˈsuχ kʰaɾˈmi] [ʃəˈʔeə ʃavˈʔas bəneə ʔaˈmi] [dəˈɾuχ pɨˈɾo bəˈsuχ botsˈɾo] [vəˈɣam boˈveəl ʔaˈʃeɾ govˈɾo] [nəˈsuts tsoˈɾaj bəˈʔaf vəʔevˈɾo] [ʃəma kuˈli bəˈjum ʔekˈɾo] [ʔeluˈkim teən bamidˈboɾ haɾ] [haˈdas ʃiˈto bəɾuʃ tidˈɦoɾ] [vəlamaʒˈɦiɾ vəlaniʒˈɦoɾ] [ʃəluˈmim teən kʰəˈmeə noˈhoɾ] [həˈduχ koˈmaj χaj ʔeəl kaˈno] [bəˈmuɣ leəˈvov ɨvimɣiˈno] [vənaɾˈχiv peə ɨnmaˈleno] [ləʃuˈneənɨ ləˈχo ɾiˈno] [dəˈʔeə χoχˈmo lənafˈʃeχo] [vəˈhi ˈχeseɾ ləɾuˈʃeχo] [nəˈtsuɾ mitsˈvas kəduˈʃexo] [ʃəˈmuɾ ʃaˈbas kodˈʃexo]	[dəˈrəwr jiʔˈkra ləˈvəjn ʕim bat] [wəjinʔtsurˈxəm kəməw vaˈvat] [nəˈʕim ʃimˈxəm wəˈləw juʃˈbat] [ʃəvu nuˈħu bəˈjəwm ʃabˈbat] [dəˈrəwʃ naˈwi wəʔulaˈmi] [wəˈʔəwt ˈjəʃaʕ ʕɐˈsəj ʕimˈmi] [nəʔˈtaʕ səwˈrəjʔk bəˈtəwx karˈmi] [ʃəˈʕəj ʃəwˈʕat bənəj ʕamˈmi] [dəˈrəwx puˈra bəˈtəwx buʔtsˈra] [wəˈgam baˈvəjl ʔaˈʃər gavˈra] [nəˈtəwʔts tsaˈraj bəˈʔaf wɐʕɐvˈra] [ʃəˈmɐʕ kəwˈli bəˈjəwm ʔəʔkˈra] [ʔələwʔˈkim təjn bammiðˈbar har] [haˈðas ʃiʔtˈta bərəwʃ tiðˈɦar] [wəlammazˈɦir wəlannizˈɦar] [ʃələwˈmim təjn kəˈməj naˈhar] [həˈðəwx kaˈməj ħaj ʔəjl kanˈna] [bəˈməwg ləjˈvav ʔuvimginˈna] [wənarˈħiv pə ʔunmalˈlənna] [ləʃəwˈnəjnu ləˈxa rinˈna] [dəˈʕəj ħuxˈma lənafˈʃəxa] [wəˈhi ˈxətər lərəwˈʃəxa] [nəʔˈtsəwr miʔtsˈwat kəðəwˈʃəxa] [ʃəˈməwɾ ʃabˈbat kuðˈʃəxa]