Eadlan/Older draft
| Older draft | |
|---|---|
| Năhtuıyin | |
| Created by | User:IlL |
| Setting | Verse:Unbegotten |
Netagin (Năhtuıyin /ˈnəʔtʰʉjin/) is a Sami, Hebrew and Windermere-inspired Idavic language. It is related to Shalaian but phonologically is less conservative. Like Shalaian, Netagin is an inflected head-initial language, but has a more fusional morphology: both nouns and verbs are inflected using stem changes (Sami-style consonant gradation, umlaut and creaky voice ablaut) in addition to prefixes and suffixes. It also retains older Idavic morphology such as cases and the dual. The relationship between Shalaian and Netagin is analogous to that between Centum and Satem IE languages: labiovelars become plain velars and plain velars become the c̦-series in Netagin.
Shalaian and Netagin belong to a common sprachbund. They are two different branches of the Idavic family that convergently evolved to share the following features:
- Preglottalization
- Large vowel system
- Historical non-rhoticity
- Verb-initial syntax
- Split-ergativity
Todo
Deutschify the grammar (V2, cases, STOV)?
About
External history
This is the sixth reincarnation of Netagin (my past Hebrew-inspired conlangs).
I was getting bored of standard-fare Semitic and Celtic aesthetics, so I decided to try out a much more (mainly Northern and Skolt) Sami aesthetic and make the Hebrew influence much more subtle (at least phonologically).
Internal history
Netagin is a conlang created by Edna Ashe. Like its relative Shalaian, it is loosely inspired by Hebrew, Welvington English, and Celtic languages (Old Irish, Judeo-Gaelic and Verthanic).
Both Netagin and Shalaian are used as liturgical languages in Ashe's personal system of spirituality.
Internal² history
Phonology
"Northern + Skolt Sami but more Windermere and Tíogall"
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||
| Close | iı, ĭi /i/ | ĭ, ăı /ɨ/ | uı /ʉ/ | u /u/ |
| Near-close | i /ɪ/ | |||
| Near-close | eı /e/ | ă /ə/ | oı /ɵ/ | |
| Mid | e /ɛ/ | ă /ə/ | o /ɔ/ | |
| Open | aı, äı /æ/ | ä /a/ | a /ɒ/ | |
The diphthongs are ia ua ea oa ĭa ieı ueı eaı oeı ĭeı /iə uə eə oə ɨə ie ue ie oe ɨi/.
Umlaut
| normal | i | u | e | o | ă | ĭ | ä | á | ia | ua | ea | oa | ĭa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| umlauted | iı | uı | eı | oı | ăı | ĭı | äı | áı | ieı | ueı | eaı | oeı | ĭeı |
Proto-Netagin a ā i ī u ū ə + modal/stød -> ä a/oa e/ea i/ie u/ua ă ĭ/ĭa
TODO: closing diphthongs and Philly-style reinforcement
Consonants
- Nasals:
- m bm bmm hm hmm /m pm bːm m̥ː m̥ːː/
- n dn dnn hn hnn /n tn dːn n̥ː n̥ːː/
- Stops:
- p pp hp hpp b bb hb hbb f /pʰ pːʰ ʔpʰ ʔːpʰ p~b pː hp hːp v~f/
- t tt ht htt d dd hd hdd th /tʰ tːʰ ʔtʰ ʔːtʰ t~d tː ht hːt ð~θ/
- ț țț hț hțț ḑ ḑḑ hḑ hḑḑ z /tsʰ tsːʰ ʔtsʰ ʔːtsʰ ts~dz tsː hts hːts z/
- c̦ c̦c̦ hc̦ hc̦c̦ ģ ģģ hģ hģģ j /tʃʰ tʃːʰ ʔtʃʰ ʔːtʃʰ tʃ~dʒ tʃː htʃ hːtʃ ʒ/
- ξ ξξ hξ hξξ λ λλ hλ hλλ ƛ /tɬʰ tɬːʰ ʔtɬʰ ʔːtɬʰ tɬ~dɮ tɬː htɬ hːtɬ l/
- c cc hc hcc g gg hg hgg /kʰ kːʰ ʔkʰ ʔːkʰ k~g kː hk hːk/
- q qq hq hqq q /qʰ qː ʔqʰ ʔːqʰ q~ɢ/
- final /q~ɢ/ is transcribed -q
- Fricatives: s ss s's ș șș ș'ș σ σσ σ'σ h hh h'h /s sː sːː ʃ ʃː ʃːː ɬ ɬː ɬːː h xː xːː/
- Other resonants:
- l ll gll hl hll /ʟ qː ɢː χː χːː/
- r rr drr hr hrr /ɾ tɾ dːɾ r̥ː r̥ːː/
- y yy gyy hy hyy /j cː ɟː çː çːː/
- w ww gww hw hww /w kʷː gʷː xʷː xʷːː/
The back liquid /ʟ/ is realized as a pharyngealized nasalized uvular approximant [ʁ̃ˁ]. /ʟ/ and its gradated counterparts come from a merger of Proto-Idavic *l, *ʕ, and often *q.
Stress
Stress is always initial, ignoring derivational prefixes.
Gradation
There are 2 gradation grades in Netagin morphology, respectively termed weak and strong. Gradation is purely morphological and is no longer phonologically conditioned: different forms of a word may require different grades, and a form may be marked through gradation alone.
Simple consonants
| Weak | f | b | th | d | z | ḑ | y | ģ | ƛ | λ | j | g | q /q⁼/ | s | ș | σ | h | m | n | l | r | y | w |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strong | hb | hp | hd | ht | hḑ | hț | hģ | hc̦ | hλ | hξ | hg | hc | hq | ss | șș | σσ | hh | bm | dn | ll | rr | yy | ww |
Historical geminates
Geminates historically arose from historical nC, /ʔ h/ + C, C + /ʔ h/ → C: sound changes, before gradation became morphologically significant. In Modern Netagin geminates almost always turned to preaspirated or preglottalized stops, except after resonants.
| Weak | hb | hp | hd | ht | hḑ | hț | hģ | hc̦ | hλ | hξ | hg | hc | hq | ss | șș | σσ | hh | bm | dn | ll | rr | yy | ww | hl | hr | hy | hw |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strong | hbb | hpp | hdd | htt | hḑḑ | hțț | hģģ | hc̦c̦ | hλλ | hξξ | hgg | hcc | hqq | s's | ș'ș | σ'σ | h'h | bmm /b:m/ | dnn /d:n/ | gll /ɢ:/ | drr /d:ɾ/ | gyy /ɟː/ | gww /gːʷ/ | hll | hrr | hyy | hww |
Clusters with resonants
| Cluster type | PR | RR | FR | RX, R ≠ l | lX (l = /ʟ/) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weak | PIRI | RIRI | FIRI | RIXI | lXI |
| Strong | PIIRI | RIRII | FItRI | RIX: | qXI |
- R = resonant /m n ʟ r j w/
- X = obstruent
- P = stop
- F = fricative /s ʃ ɬ/
- CI, CII, CIII = simple consonant in the corresponding gradation grade
- C: = geminate counterpart of an obstruent
Stop-obstruent clusters
| Weak | fd, fḑ, fģ, fλ, fg /vd~ft, .../ | ft, fț, fc̦, fξ, fc, fq, fs, fș, fσ /ftʰ, .../ | thb, thg /ðb~θp, ðg~θk/ | thp, thc, thq /θpʰ, θkʰ, θqʰ/ | wb, wd, wḑ, wģ, wλ /wb~wp, .../ | wp, wt, wț, wc̦, wξ, ws, wș, wσ /xʷpʰ, .../ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strong | bd, bḑ, bģ, bλ, bg /pt, .../ | pt, pț, pc̦, pξ, pc, pq, ps, pș, pσ /ptʰ, .../ | db, dg /tp, tk/ | tp, tc, tq /tpʰ, tkʰ, tqʰ/ | gb, gd, gḑ, gģ, gλ /kp, .../ | cp, ct, cț, cc̦, cξ, cs, cș, cσ /kpʰ, .../ |
The hypothetical qC~lC gradation has merged with llC~lC gradation into llC~qC~lC gradation.
Sibilant-stop clusters
| Weak | sp, st, sț, sξ, sc, sq /sp, st, sts, stʃ, stɬ, sk, sq/ | șp, șt, șc̦, șξ, șc, șq /ʃp, ʃt, ʃtʃ, ʃtɬ, ʃk, ʃq/ | łp, łt, łc, łq /ɬp, ɬt, ɬk, ɬq/ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Strong | spp, stt, sțț, sξξ, scc, sqq /sːp, sːt, sːts, sːtɬ, sːk, sːq/ | șpp, ștt, șc̦c̦, șξξ, șcc, șqq /ʃːp, ʃːt, ʃːtʃ, ʃːtɬ, ʃːk, ʃːq/ | łpp, łtt, łcc, łqq /ɬːp, ɬːt, ɬːk, ɬːq/ |
Phonotactics
Initial sC clusters are valid in names and loans from Shalaian.
Morphology
Nouns
Netagin has singular, dual, and plural numbers, and animate and inanimate genders. Some inanimates end in -ă, which is cognate to the Shalaian honorific suffix -er. They have three cases: nominative, accusative and genitive. Netagin nouns take the definite article pă and the specific article nă.
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Declension
Possessive markers
Possessive markers have different forms depending on number and case.
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Adjectives
animate:
- nominative: qoeıdb /ˈqʰoetp/, qoeıthbehd /ˈqʰoəðbɪht/, qoathbun /ˈqʰoəðbun/ <- PShal *qũdba, *qũdband, *qũdbaan
- genitive: qoathbă /ˈqʰoəðbə/, qoeıthbehdid /ˈqʰoəðbɪhtɪt/, qoadbă /ˈqʰoətpə/ <- *qũdbak, *qũdband=igid, *qũdbii
inanimate
- nominative: qoadb, qoathbăhd, qoadbu <- *qũdbi, *qũdbund, *qũdbaa
- genitive: qoathb, qoathbăhdid, qoathbu <- *qũdbik, *qũdbund=igid, *qũdbaak
Pronouns
Independent pronouns
Pronominal suffixes
Prepositions
As in German, prepositions govern specific cases and change their meanings depend on what case the noun is in
Inflected prepositions sometimes have different froms depending on whether the object is accusative or dative.
Verbs
Suffixes and stem changes
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Syntax
Lushootseed (predicate first)?
Myl las oszað, byddzal = Give me your hand, my love
Vocabulary
Shalaian as major loan source?