Proto-Hlou-Shum

Proto-Talsmic phonology

Consonant inventory

Proto-Talsmic reconstructed consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal *m *n
Plosive voiceless *p *t *c *k *q
voiced *b *d *g
aspirated *pʰ *tʰ *cʰ *kʰ *qʰ
Fricative voiceless *s *h
voiced *z
Approximant *w *j
Trill *r
Lateral app. *l

/qʰ/ may have been realized as an affricate, [qχ].

Vocalic inventory

Front Central Back
Close *i *ī *u *ū
Mid *e *ē *o *ō
Open *a *ā

Sound changes

[To order...]

  • /pʰ tʰ ŧʰ kʰ qʰ/ > /ɸ θ ç x χ/
  • /q ʁ χ/ > /ʡ ħ ħ/
    • /ʁ/ > /w/ sometimes, especially with high vowels around
  • /ç ƶ ŧ đ/ > /θ ð t͡s ʎ/
    • /ç/ > f / _C[+coronal]
    • /ç/ > s / _C[+labial]
  • Radical-coloring: /e i o u y/ > /a e a o e/ _C[+radical]
  • /ēj/ > /ie/
  • /oj uj/ > /y/, /ōj ūj/ > /ȳ/ / _C
  • /w/ > /v/ / otherwise
  • C[-voiced] > Ø / _#
  • /a e i o u y/ > Ø / _#
  • /ā ē ī ō ū ȳ/ > /a e i o u y/ / _#
  • /ajV ejV/ (V short) > /ai ei/ _#
  • /ēh/ > /ie/ _#
  • /ēj, ējh/ > /i/ or /ie/ _#

(Grammaticalization of object/oblique pronouns somewhere around here)

(some umlaut)

  • /e i o u y ē ī ō ū ȳ/ > /ā ie ā ua ȳ ā ē ā ua ē/ _/ħ ʡ/# and /ħ ʡ/ > Ø _#
  • /a e i o u/ > /ā ē ī ō ū/ _h#, h > Ø _#
  • /*ahu *aju/ > /*au/, /*ahi *aji/ > /*ai/
  • /*u/ > /*y/ / _#
  • /*u *ū/ > /*y *ȳ/ _C[+coronal], sometimes when occuring after the downstep
  • /z/ > /r/ / _C[+voiced, not /z/]
  • *-# ʔ: downstep alternates between the internal syllable and the ending
  • no *-# ʔ: downstep is fixed