Proto-Hlou-Shum

Proto-Talsmic phonology

Consonant inventory

Proto-Talsmic reconstructed consonants
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		*m	*n
Plosive	voiceless	*p	*t	*c	*k	*q	*ʔ
	voiced	*b	*d	*ɟ	*g
	aspirated	*pʰ	*tʰ	*cʰ	*kʰ	*qʰ
Fricative	voiceless		*s	*ç			*h
	voiced		*z	*ƶ		*ʁ
Approximant		*w		*j
Trill			*r
Lateral app.			*l

/qʰ/ may have been realized as an affricate, [qχ].

Vocalic inventory

	Front	Central	Back
Close	*i *ī		*u *ū
Mid	*e *ē		*o *ō
Open		*a *ā

Sound changes

[To order...]

• /pʰ tʰ ŧʰ kʰ qʰ/ > /ɸ θ ç x χ/
• /q ʁ χ/ > /ʡ ħ ħ/
  • /ʁ/ > /w/ sometimes, especially with high vowels around
• /ç ƶ ŧ đ/ > /θ ð t͡s ʎ/
  • /ç/ > f / _C[+coronal]
  • /ç/ > s / _C[+labial]
• Radical-coloring: /e i o u y/ > /a e a o e/ _C[+radical]
• /ēj/ > /ie/
• /oj uj/ > /y/, /ōj ūj/ > /ȳ/ / _C
• /w/ > /v/ / otherwise
• C[-voiced] > Ø / _#
• /a e i o u y/ > Ø / _#
• /ā ē ī ō ū ȳ/ > /a e i o u y/ / _#
• /ajV ejV/ (V short) > /ai ei/ _#
• /ēh/ > /ie/ _#
• /ēj, ējh/ > /i/ or /ie/ _#

(Grammaticalization of object/oblique pronouns somewhere around here)

(some umlaut)

• /e i o u y ē ī ō ū ȳ/ > /ā ie ā ua ȳ ā ē ā ua ē/ _/ħ ʡ/# and /ħ ʡ/ > Ø _#
• /a e i o u/ > /ā ē ī ō ū/ _h#, h > Ø _#
• /*ahu *aju/ > /*au/, /*ahi *aji/ > /*ai/
• /*u/ > /*y/ / _#
• /*u *ū/ > /*y *ȳ/ _C[+coronal], sometimes when occuring after the downstep
• /z/ > /r/ / _C[+voiced, not /z/]
• *-# ʔ: downstep alternates between the internal syllable and the ending
• no *-# ʔ: downstep is fixed