Mutations
Consonant mutations
Similar to Cletic languages, nouns in Gathrírn undergo several types of mutations. There are six consonant-initial mutations: fricativisation, palatalisation, labialisation, voicing, devoicing, and nasalisation or mixed type. Word-final consonants also change.
Consonant-initial mutations
|
Unmutated |
Fricativisation |
Palatalisation |
Labialisation |
Voicing |
Devoicing |
Nasalisation
|
b
|
bh [ʋ] |
bj |
bw |
- |
bp [p] |
mb [m]
|
bl
|
bhl [ʋl] |
- |
- |
- |
bpl [pl] |
mbl [ml]
|
br
|
bhr [ʋɾ] |
- |
- |
- |
bpr [pɾ] |
mbr [mɾ]
|
d
|
dh [ð] |
dj [ɟ] |
dw |
- |
dh [ð] |
nd [n]
|
dr
|
dhr |
- |
- |
- |
dhr |
-
|
dv
|
dhv |
- |
- |
- |
dhv |
-
|
f
|
- |
fj |
fw |
fv |
- |
nf
|
fl
|
- |
- |
- |
fvl |
- |
-
|
g
|
gh [ɣ] |
gj [ɟ] |
gw |
/ |
gk [k] |
ng [ŋ]
|
gl
|
ghl |
glj [ʑʎ] |
/ |
/ |
gkl |
ngl
|
gr
|
ghr |
/ |
/ |
/ |
gkr |
ngr
|
j
|
jw [ɥ] |
/ |
w |
/ |
jh [j̊] |
nj
|
k
|
kh [x] |
kj [c] |
kw |
kg [g] |
/ |
kh [x]
|
kl
|
khl |
klj [ɕʎ] |
/ |
kgl |
/ |
khl
|
kr
|
khr |
/ |
/ |
kgr |
/ |
khr
|
h
|
/ |
hj [xʲ] |
hw [ʍ] |
gh [ɣ] |
/ |
kh
|
hw
|
/ |
jw [ɥ] |
/ |
w |
/ |
w
|
l
|
/ |
lj |
lw |
/ |
lh |
/
|
m
|
mh [v] |
mlj |
mw |
/ |
/ |
/
|
ml
|
mhl |
/ |
/ |
/ |
/ |
/
|
mr
|
mhr |
/ |
/ |
/ |
/ |
/
|
mn
|
mhn |
mnj |
/ |
/ |
/ |
/
|
n
|
/ |
nj |
nw |
/ |
/ |
/
|
p
|
ph [f] |
pj |
pw |
pb [b] |
/ |
ph [f]
|
pl
|
phl |
/ |
/ |
pbl |
/ |
phl
|
pr
|
phr |
/ |
/ |
pbr |
/ |
phr
|
r
|
/ |
rj |
rw |
/ |
rh |
/
|
rh
|
rr [r] |
rr |
rhw [r̥ʷ] |
rr |
/ |
rr
|
lh
|
ll [l] |
ll |
lhw [l̥ʷ] |
ll |
/ |
ll
|
s
|
sh [h] |
sj [ɕ] |
sw |
sz [z] |
/ |
/
|
t
|
th [θ] |
tj [c] |
tw |
td [d] |
th [θ] |
th
|
tl
|
thl |
tlj [ɕʎ] |
/ |
tdl |
thl |
thl
|
tr
|
thr |
/ |
/ |
tdr |
thr |
thr
|
tv
|
/ |
/ |
/ |
tdv |
tsv [sʋ] |
/
|
tf
|
/ |
tjf [ɕf] |
/ |
tfv [dʋ] |
tsf [sf] |
/
|
z
|
zh [ɣ] |
zj [ʑ] |
zw |
/ |
zs [s] |
/
|
w
|
/ |
jw [ɥ] |
/ |
/ |
wh [ʍ] |
jw [ɥ]
|
th
|
/ |
/ |
/ |
dh [ð] |
/ |
/
|
sk
|
shk [xk] |
skj [ɕc] |
/ |
/ |
/ |
/
|
st
|
sht [xt] |
stj [ɕc] |
/ |
/ |
/ |
/
|
vowel
|
c' |
- |
w' |
- |
l' |
c'
|
Consonant-final mutations
|
Unmutated |
Mutated
|
b
|
bb
|
c
|
c
|
d
|
dd
|
dh
|
d
|
f
|
p
|
ft
|
ft
|
g
|
gg
|
j
|
j
|
jh
|
jj
|
js
|
sj
|
jz
|
zj
|
k
|
kk
|
kh
|
kh
|
l
|
l
|
lf
|
lf
|
ld
|
ld
|
lj
|
lj
|
lh
|
ll
|
ls
|
ll
|
lt
|
lt
|
lv
|
lv
|
lz
|
lj
|
m
|
m
|
mh
|
mm
|
ms
|
ms
|
n
|
n
|
nd
|
nd
|
nf
|
ff
|
nh
|
nn
|
nj
|
nj
|
ns
|
ss
|
nt
|
nt
|
nz
|
nj
|
p
|
pp
|
r
|
r
|
rd
|
d
|
rdh
|
dh
|
rh
|
rr
|
rn
|
n
|
rs
|
sj
|
rt
|
tt
|
rth
|
th
|
rz
|
zj
|
s
|
s
|
st
|
st
|
t
|
tt
|
v
|
b
|
z
|
z
|
Vowel mutations
Vowel mutations apply when declining nouns.
Vowel mutations
|
Unmutated |
E-PLURAL |
Unmutated |
O-PLURAL
|
Primary |
Secondary |
Primary |
Secondary
|
NON-FINAL
|
a
|
e |
ea
|
a
|
au |
ae
|
e
|
i |
ie
|
e
|
au |
ae
|
i
|
ei |
ea
|
i
|
ie |
ea
|
o
|
oi |
oe
|
o
|
o |
oe
|
u
|
y |
ye
|
u
|
oa |
ue
|
y
|
y |
ye
|
y
|
u |
ue
|
ONE FINAL CONSONANT or VOWEL
|
a
|
ai |
ai
|
a
|
ae |
au
|
e
|
ea |
ae
|
e
|
ea |
ei
|
i
|
ei |
ei
|
i
|
ea |
ei
|
o
|
oe |
oe
|
o
|
oe |
oi
|
u
|
ou |
oi
|
u
|
oa |
ou
|
y
|
ye |
oe
|
y
|
ue |
ui
|
ai
|
au |
oa
|
ai
|
ae |
au
|
ei
|
oi |
oe
|
ei
|
ou |
ui
|
oa
|
o |
oe
|
oa
|
au |
au
|
NASAL + PLOSIVE or FRICATIVE
|
a
|
ae |
ai
|
a
|
ae |
ai
|
e
|
ea |
ei
|
e
|
ea |
ei
|
i
|
ei |
ei
|
i
|
ie |
ai
|
o
|
oe |
oe
|
o
|
oe |
oi
|
u
|
ye |
oe
|
u
|
oa |
oi
|
y
|
ye |
oe
|
y
|
ye |
ui
|
LIQUID + PLOSIVE or FRICATIVE
|
a
|
ae |
ei
|
a
|
ae |
ei
|
e
|
ea |
ei
|
e
|
ie |
ei
|
i
|
ea |
ei
|
i
|
ie |
ei
|
o
|
oe |
oi
|
o
|
ie |
ei
|
u
|
ye |
oi
|
u
|
ue |
ui
|
y
|
ye |
oi
|
y
|
ue |
ui
|
Nouns
Nouns in Gathrírn have three numbers (singular, dual, plural) and four cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative). There are four declensions.
The basic paradigm of suffixes is regular:
Case |
Singular |
Dual |
Plural
|
Nominative
|
-Ø |
-is |
-(Vmut.)-Ø
|
Genitive
|
-ur |
-urh |
-(Vmut.)-ur
|
Dative
|
-en |
-enh |
-(Vmut.)-en
|
Accusative
|
-er |
-erh |
-(Vmut.)-er
|
Locative
|
-on |
-olh |
-(Vmut.)-on
|
First declension
First declension: vowel-final
|
SINGULAR
|
Nominative |
Genitive |
Dative |
Accusative |
Locative
|
-a
|
-aur |
-aen |
-aer |
-ael
|
-e
|
-eir |
-ean |
-ear |
-eil
|
-i
|
-uir |
-ien |
-air |
-iel
|
-o
|
-oir |
-oen |
-oar |
-oel
|
-u
|
-uer |
-uin |
-uir |
-uil
|
-y
|
-yer |
-yen |
-yer |
-yel
|
DUAL
|
-ais
|
-warh |
-aenh |
-aerh |
-aelh
|
-eis
|
-jerh |
-eanh |
-earh |
-jelh
|
-ies
|
-wirh |
-ienh |
-jarh |
-ielh
|
-ois
|
-jorh |
-oenh |
-oarh |
-oelh
|
-uis
|
-uerh |
-winh |
-wirh |
-wilh
|
-yes
|
-yerh |
-yenh |
-yerh |
-yelh
|
PLURAL
|
-ai
|
-air |
-ain |
-air |
-ail
|
-ie
|
-ier |
-ien |
-ier |
-iel
|
-ei
|
-eir |
-ein |
-eir |
-eil
|
-oe
|
-oer |
-oen |
-oer |
-oel
|
-ou
|
-our |
-oun |
-our |
-oul
|
-ye
|
-yer |
-yen |
-yer |
-yel
|
Second declension
First declension: one final consonant
|
SINGULAR
|
Nominative |
Genitive |
Dative |
Accusative |
Locative
|
-aC
|
-aCur |
-aCen |
-aCer |
-aCon
|
-eC
|
-eCur |
-eCen |
-eCer |
-eCon
|
-iC
|
-iCur |
-iCen |
-iCer |
-iCon
|
-oC
|
-oCur |
-oCen |
-oCer |
-oCon
|
-uC
|
-uCur |
-uCen |
-uCer |
-uCon
|
-yC
|
-yCyr |
-yCin |
-yCyr |
-yCin
|
-aiC
|
-aiCur |
-aiCen |
-aiCer |
-aiCon
|
-eiC
|
-eiCur |
-eiCen |
-eiCer |
-eiCon
|
-oaC
|
-oaCoer |
-oaCean |
-oaCear |
-oaCoen
|
DUAL
|
-aCis
|
-aCurh |
-aCenh |
-aCerh |
-aColh
|
-eCis
|
-eCurh |
-eCenh |
-eCerh |
-eColh
|
-iCis
|
-iCurh |
-iCenh |
-iCerh |
-iColh
|
-oCis
|
-oCurh |
-oCenh |
-oCerh |
-oColh
|
-uCis
|
-uCurh |
-uCenh |
-uCerh |
-uColh
|
-yCis
|
-yCyrh |
-yCinh |
-yCyrh |
-yCilh
|
-aiCis
|
-aiCurh |
-aiCenh |
-aiCerh |
-aiColh
|
-eiCis
|
-eiCurh |
-eiCenh |
-eiCerh |
-eiColh
|
-oaCis
|
-oaCoerh |
-oaCeanh |
-oaCearh |
-oaCoelh
|
E-PLURAL (C = voiceless/n/m)
|
-aiC
|
-aiCur |
-aiCen |
-aiCer |
-aiCon
|
-eaC
|
-aeCyr |
-aeCen |
-aeCer |
-aeCoen
|
-eiC
|
-eiCur |
-eiCen |
-eiCer |
-eiCon
|
-oeC
|
-oeCyr |
-oeCen |
-oeCer |
-oeCoen
|
-ouC
|
-oiCur |
-oiCen |
-oiCer |
-oiCon
|
-yeC
|
-oeyCyr |
-oeCin |
-oeCyr |
-oeCin
|
-auC
|
-oaCoer |
-oaCean |
-oaCear |
-oaCoen
|
-oiC
|
-oeCaer |
-oeCean |
-oeCear |
-oeCaen
|
-oC
|
-oeCoer |
-oeCean |
-oeCear |
-oeCoen
|
O-PLURAL
|
-aeC
|
-auCur |
-auCen |
-auCer |
-auCon
|
-eaC
|
-eiCur |
-eiCen |
-eiCer |
-eiCon
|
-eaC
|
-eiCur |
-eiCen |
-eiCer |
-eiCon
|
-oeC
|
-oiCur |
-oiCen |
-oiCer |
-oiCon
|
-oaC
|
-ouCur |
-ouCen |
-ouCer |
-ouCon
|
-yeC
|
-uiCur |
-uiCen |
-uiCer |
-uiCon
|
-aeC
|
-auCur |
-auCen |
-auCer |
-auCon
|
-ouC
|
-uiCur |
-uiCen |
-uiCer |
-uiCon
|
-uC
|
-auCur |
-auCen |
-auCer |
-auCon
|
Third declension
First declension: nasal + plosive/fricative
|
SINGULAR
|
Nominative |
Genitive |
Dative |
Accusative |
Locative
|
-aN
|
-aNur |
-aNen |
-aNer |
-aNon
|
-eN
|
-eNur |
-eNen |
-eNer |
-eNon
|
-iN
|
-iNur |
-iNen |
-iNer |
-iNon
|
-oN
|
-oNur |
-oNen |
-oNer |
-oNon
|
-uN
|
-uNur |
-uNen |
-uNer |
-uNon
|
-yN
|
-yNyr |
-yNin |
-yNyr |
-yNin
|
DUAL
|
-aNath
|
-aNurh |
-aNenh |
-aNerh |
-aNolh
|
-eNath
|
-eNurh |
-eNenh |
-eNerh |
-eNolh
|
-iNath
|
-iNurh |
-iNenh |
-iNerh |
-iNolh
|
-oNath
|
-oNurh |
-oNenh |
-oNerh |
-oNolh
|
-uNath
|
-uNurh |
-uNenh |
-uNerh |
-uNolh
|
-yNath
|
-yNyrh |
-yNinh |
-yNyrh |
-yNilh
|
E-PLURAL
|
-aeN
|
-aiNur |
-aiNen |
-aiNer |
-aiNon
|
-eaN
|
-eiNur |
-eiNen |
-eiNer |
-eiNon
|
-eiN
|
-eiNur |
-eiNen |
-eiNer |
-eiNon
|
-oeN
|
-oeNyr |
-oeNean |
-oeNear |
-oeNyn
|
-yeN
|
-oeNyr |
-oeNean |
-oeNear |
-oeNyn
|
-yeN
|
-oeNyr |
-oeNean |
-oeNear |
-oeNyn
|
O-PLURAL
|
-aeN
|
-aiNur |
-aiNen |
-aiNer |
-aiNon
|
-eaN
|
-eiNur |
-eiNen |
-eiNer |
-eiNon
|
-ieN
|
-aiNur |
-aiNen |
-aiNer |
-aiNon
|
-oeN
|
-oiNur |
-oiNen |
-oiNar |
-oiNon
|
-oaN
|
-oiNur |
-oiNen |
-oiNar |
-oiNon
|
-yeN
|
-uiNur |
-uiNen |
-uiNar |
-uiNon
|
Fourth declension
First declension: liquid + plosive/fricative
|
SINGULAR
|
Nominative |
Genitive |
Dative |
Accusative |
Locative
|
-aL
|
-aLur |
-aLen |
-aLer |
-aLon
|
-eL
|
-eLur |
-eLen |
-eLer |
-eLon
|
-iL
|
-iLur |
-iLen |
-iLer |
-iLon
|
-oL
|
-oLur |
-oLen |
-oLer |
-oLon
|
-uL
|
-uLur |
-uLen |
-uLer |
-uLon
|
-yL
|
-yLyr |
-yLin |
-yLyr |
-yLin
|
DUAL
|
-aLath
|
-aLurh |
-aLenh |
-aLerh |
-aLolh
|
-eLath
|
-eLurh |
-eLenh |
-eLerh |
-eLolh
|
-iLath
|
-iLurh |
-iLenh |
-iLerh |
-iLolh
|
-oLath
|
-oLurh |
-oLenh |
-oLerh |
-oLolh
|
-uLath
|
-uLurh |
-uLenh |
-uLerh |
-uLolh
|
-yLath
|
-yLyrh |
-yLinh |
-yLyrh |
-yLilh
|
E-PLURAL
|
-aeL
|
-eiLur |
-eiLen |
-eiLer |
-eiLon
|
-eaL
|
-eiLur |
-eiLen |
-eiLer |
-eiLon
|
-eaL
|
-eiLur |
-eiLen |
-eiLer |
-eiLon
|
-oeL
|
-oiLur |
-oiLen |
-oiLer |
-oiLon
|
-yeL
|
-oiLur |
-oiLen |
-oiLer |
-oiLon
|
-yeL
|
-oiLur |
-oiLen |
-oiLer |
-oiLon
|
O-PLURAL
|
-aeL
|
-eiLur |
-eiLen |
-eiLer |
-eiLon
|
-ieL
|
-eiLur |
-eiLen |
-eiLer |
-eiLon
|
-ieL
|
-eiLur |
-eiLen |
-eiLer |
-eiLon
|
-ieL
|
-eiLur |
-eiLen |
-eiLer |
-eiLon
|
-ueL
|
-uiLur |
-uiLen |
-uiLer |
-uiLon
|
-ueL
|
-uiLur |
-uiLen |
-uiLer |
-uiLon
|
Adjectives
Pronouns
Verbs