Pulqer/History
< Pulqer
- Analogical levelling of irregular forms or substitution by diminutives etc, e.g. auris > auricula > oricla.
Vulgar Latin Changes
The following changes were underway already in Vulgar Latin when it reached Jacques in 3rd century:
- Syncope of unstressed vowels adjacent to glides, e.g. solidus > soldus.
- Change of prevocalic /e, i/ > /j/, e.g. filia > filja.
- Merger of /b, w/ as allophonic /b ~ β/, e.g. bibere > bivere.
- Loss of h, e.g. hominem > ominem.
- Loss of final consonants, e.g. mūrum > mūru.
- Assimilation of ns > s with compensatory lengthening, e.g. mensa > mēsa > mẹsa
- Assimilation of rs > ss, e.g. ursus > ussu
- Assimilation of quu > cu, e.g. coquus > koku
- Loss of vowel quantity
- Palatalisation of all consonants before /j/, e.g. ratione > ratsone
| B | C | D | F | G | J | L | M | N | P | R | S | T | V |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bj | tts | jj > (d)d͡ʒ | fj | jj > (d)d͡ʒ | ʎʎ | mj | ɲɲ | pj | rj | sj | tts | j |
- Palatalisation of c, g > /ts, j > d͡ʒ/ before i, e.g. cippus > tsippu
Old Pulqer Changes
A number of fundamental changes between Latin and Old Pulqer are believed to have happened almost immediately as a result of Kelt speakers learning Latin imperfectly.
- High mid vowels ẹ, ọ merge with high vowels i, u, e.g. mesa > misa, dracọ > trakhu
- Low-mid ǫ becomes:
- u before v and merges, e.g. fovea > fuja
- ą /ɑ/ elsewhere, e.g. rota > arątha, homine > ąmine
- Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. cadere > khatere (NB: C > Ch does not occur adjacent to a resonant).
- b > p > ph (word-initial v- also > p)
- d > t > th
- g > k > kh
- gu > q(u) > qh(u) /kʷ/
- kuV and khuV merge with q, qh, e.g. phinkue > phinqe
- Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. j, gi) becomes /t͡ʃ/.
- Palatal resonants /ʎ, ɲ/ are depalatalised > /lj, nj/ > /lt͡ʃ, nt͡ʃ/.
- Voiced fricatives /z/ and /β/ (from intervocalic allophones of s, v, b) are devoiced to /s/ and /ɸ/, the latter merging with f, e.g. bibere > pifere, casa /kaːza/ > khaesa.
- Assimilation of consonant clusters, e.g. octō > attu
- mn > nn
- ct > tt
- x /ks/ > ss
- Prothesis before word-initial r- or sC-, e.g. rẹge > arike, stella > astella
- Syllable-final r > l, e.g. car'tate > khaltathe
- Cl > Cr, e.g. clarus > kralu
- There is occasional metathesis where r and l occur in a word.
The following are later developments within OP.
- Stressed open vowels are lengthened, later diphthongised e.g. khaltathe > khaltaethe
- a > ae /aː > ae/
- e > ei /ɛː > ɛi/
- i > ie /iː > iə/
- u > ue /uə > uː/
- ą > au /ɑː > ao/, merging with L. au.
- All other unstressed internal vowels are lost between stressed syllables, wherever possible, e.g. aumine > aunne
- Syllabic liquids ḷ, ṛ develop between other consonants, e.g. sacramentum > sakṛmentu
Middle Pulqer Changes
- Diphthongs are simplified:
- ae /ae > ɛː/
- ie /iə > iː/ (except before r, l)
- ue /uə > uː/ (except before r, l)
- au /ɑə > ɑː/
- NB ei /ɛi/ remains
- Geminate resonants (ll, rr, nn, mm) are preoccluded (> tl, tr, tn, pm, e.g. khapallu > khapatlu.
- Excrescent t is inserted between other resonants or between s + resonant, e.g. esre > estre,
- Final vowels are lost, e.g. mueru > muer
- f becomes h, e.g. filtś > hiltś
- f is probably already lost before u, e.g. fulpr > ulpr
- new medial h is quickly lost or moves to the front of the word, e.g. ifant > ihant > hiant)
- Initial kh, ph, th merge with k, p, t.
- Remaining geminate consonants simplified, e.g. khatth > kath
- Medial kh, ph, th are lenited to fricatives ḥ, f, z /x, ɸ, θ/, e.g. kath > kaz.
- r becomes l in word-final position, e.g. muer > muel.
Modern Pulqer Changes
- Loss of vowel quantity, e.g. autn > atn
- ae > e
- ei > i
- ie > i
- but > ia before r, l, e.g. miel > mial
- au > a
- ue > u
- but > ua before r, l, e.g. muel > mual
- Development of epenthetic vowel y /ə/, e.g. kapatl > kapatyl
- Remaining q merge with k, e.g. qistu > kistu
- sC > ş
- (recent) Loss of unstressed final syllables in words of three or more syllables, e.g. kapatyl > kapat (except infinitives).
Summary
Vowels
| CL | VL | OP | OP > MP | ModP |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | a(ː) | a(ː) | a | a |
| ā | ae | e | ||
| æ | ę(ː) | e(ː) | e | |
| e | ei | i ia2 | ||
| ē | ẹ(ː) | i(ː) | i | |
| œ | ||||
| i | ɪ(ː) | ie | ||
| ī | i(ː) | |||
| au | au | ą(ː) [u]1 |
a | a |
| o | ǫ(ː) | au | ||
| ō | ọ(ː) | u | u | u |
| u | ʊ(ː) | ue | u ua2 | |
| ū | u(ː) |
- L. ov > uv > u
- ie, ue + l, r > ia, ua
Consonants
| CL | VL | OP | OP > MP | ModP |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| p | p | ph | p | |
| pl | pr | pr | ||
| -pj- | ttś | tś | ||
| -pt- | tth | t | ||
| b | b- | p | p | |
| -v- | f | h | - | |
| bj | ttś | tś | ||
| -br- | vr | fr | r | |
| v | v | f | h | h- |
| vj | fi | hi | i | |
| t | t | th | t | |
| tj | ts | ts | ||
| d | d | t | t | |
| dj | tś | tś | ||
| c | c | kh | k | |
| cj | ts | |||
| ci | ts | |||
| cr | kr | |||
| g | ||||
| gj | tś | |||
| qu | ||||
| m | ||||
| mj | ntś | |||
| n | ||||
| nj | ntś | |||
| ns | s | |||
| l | ||||
| lj | ltś | |||
| r | ||||
| rj | ltś | |||
| rs | ss | |||
| f | ||||
| s | ||||
| h | Ø |