Essanian

Essanian (Native: xanhán /ʃaˈɲan/) is an Iberian Romance language descended from Mozarabic.

Essanian
La lengua xanhana لَلَانْغُوَ شَنَّنَ
Pronunciation	[[Help:IPA|la ˈleŋgwa ʃaˈɲana]]
Created by	Shariifka
Language family	Indo-European Romance Western Romance Iberian Romance Pyrenean–Mozarabic Essanian
Early forms	Mozarabic Old Essanian Middle Essanian

Introduction

Etymology

The endonym xanhán is derived from the place name Xanha, from Latin Hispānia.

The English name Essanian is derived from the Medieval Latin equivalent Essanianus from Middle Essanian exanyán.

Phonology

Orthography

Latin orthography

Alphabet

Letter Name IPA A a a [ä] B b be [be̞] C c ce [t͡ʃe̞] Ç ç çe [θe̞] D d de [d̪e̞] E e e [e̞] F f efe [ˈe̞fe̞] G g ge [d͡ʒe̞] Gh gh ghen [ʕe̞n] H h haca [ˈhäkä]

Letter Name IPA I i i [i] J j jota [ˈd͡ʒo̞t̪ä] K k ka [kä] L l ele [ˈe̞le̞] Lh lh elhe [ˈe̞ʎe̞] M m eme [ˈe̞me̞] N n ene [ˈe̞ne̞] Nh nh enhe [ˈe̞ɲe̞] O o o [o̞] P p pe [pe̞]

Letter Name IPA Q q cu [ku] R r erre [ˈe̞re̞] S s esse [ˈe̞se̞] T t te [t̪e̞] U u u [u] V v ve [ve̞] W w we [we̞] X x exe [ˈe̞ʃe̞] Y y ye [je̞] Z z zeta [ˈðe̞t̪ä]

Consonants

Consonants

Letter	Context	IPA	Examples	Remarks
b	word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩	[b]
	elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩)	[β̞]
c	before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩	[tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect)
	elsewhere	[k]
	before voiced consonants	[ɣ˕]
ch	everywhere	[tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect)
ç	everywhere	[θ] or [s] (depending on the dialect)
d	word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩	[d̪]
	after ⟨n⟩ word-finally	Ø
	elsewhere	[ð̞]
f	everywhere	[f]
g	before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩	[dʒ]
	before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts	[ʒ]
	not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩	[ɡ]
	not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts	[ɣ˕]
gh	everywhere	[ʕ]		In Arabic loanwords
gu	before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩	[ɡw]
	before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts	[ɣ˕w]
	before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩	[ɡ]
	before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts	[ɣ˕]
gü	before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩	[ɡw]
	before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts	[ɣ˕w]
h	everywhere	[h] or [ħ] or [x]		Generally occurs in loanwords.
	everywhere (rare)	Ø		Occurs in loanwords where the letter is silent in the original language. May be pronounced [h] as a spelling pronunciation.
j	either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩	[dʒ]
	elsewhere	[ʒ]
k	rare; only occurs in a few loanwords and sensational spellings	[k]
l	everywhere	[l]
lh	everywhere	[ʎ]
m	everywhere except word-finally	[m]
	word-final	[n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect)
n	everywhere but before other consonants and word-finally	[n]
	before other consonants	[m]; [ɱ]; [n]; [n̪]; [ɲ]; [ŋ]		Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation.
	word-finally	[n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect)
nh	everywhere	[ɲ]
p	everywhere	[p]
	in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩	[β̞]
qu	before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩	[k]
	elsewhere	[kw]
qü	only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩	[kw]
r	word-initial, morpheme-initial, or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨z⟩; in emphatic speech may also be used instead of [ɾ] in syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, or ⟨d⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only)	[r]
	elsewhere	[ɾ]
rr	only occurs between vowels	[r]
s	before a voiced consonant (e.g. ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨d⟩,⟨g⟩) or between vowels	[z]
	everywhere else	[s]
ss	only occurs between vowels	[s]
t	everywhere	[t̪]
	before voiced consonants	[ð̞]
v	everywhere	[v]
w	everywhere	[w]
x	everywhere	[ʃ]
	between vowels and word-finally	[ks]		In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨cs⟩ or ⟨s⟩ (with the associated pronunciation change).
	before a consonant	[ks] or [s]		In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨s⟩ (and pronounced accordingly).
	in the prefix ex-	[z]; [s] before a plosive
y	as a semivowel (almost always in a diphthong)	[i] or [j]
	as a consonant	[j]
z	everywhere except word-finally	[ð] or [z] (depending on the dialect)
	word-finally	[θ] or [s] (depending on the dialect)

Vowels

Monophthong Vowels

Letter	IPA	Examples	Remarks
a	[ä]
e	[e̞]
i	[i]
y			Rare. Only commonly used as a vowel in the conjunction y and the homophonous adverbial pronoun.
o	[o̞]
u	[u]

Vowel letters behaving as semivowels

Letter		IPA	Examples	Remarks
i	⟨i⟩ before a vowel	[j]
u	⟨u⟩ before a vowel (but silent in ⟨qu⟩, also ⟨gu⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩)	[w]

Stress

Stress in a word is determined from the way it is written by the following rules:

• If there is any vowel with an acute accent, that vowel is stressed.
• If there is no vowel with an acute accent:
  1. The penultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in a vowel, vowel + -n, or vowel + -s.
  2. The ultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in any consonant other than -n or -s.
  3. i + vowel and u + vowel are treated as one syllable.

Prosody

Stress

Primary stress may occur in any of the last three syllables of a word.

Morphology

Articles

Definite Article

Essanian definite article

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	el; l' (before vowels)	los
Feminine	la; l' (before a)	les
Neuter	lo; l' (before vowels)	–

Indefinite Article

Essanian indefinite article

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	un	unos
Feminine	una	unes
Neuter	uno	–

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Essanian personal pronouns

Person and number			Independent				Clitic
			Subject	Object	Reflexive Object	Possessive	Direct object	Indirect object	Reflexive	Possessive
1st	Singular		yo	mi		miyu/miyos, miya/miyes, miyo	me, m'1			mo(n)2/mos, ma(n)2/mes, mo(n)2
	Plural		nós; nosotros/nosotres			nues/nuesos, nuesa/nueses, nueso	nos			–
2nd	Singular	Informal	tu	ti		tuw/tuwos, tuwa/tuwes, tuwo	te, t'1			to(n)2/tos, ta(n)2/tes, to(n)2
		Formal (masc.)	vucé		sí	suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo	lu, l'1, l3	lhi	se, s'1	so(n)2/sos, sa(n)2/ses, so(n)2
		Formal (fem.)					la, l'4
	Plural	Informal	vós; vosotros/vosotres			vues/vuesos, vuesa/vueses, vueso	vos			–
		Formal (masc.)	vucés		sí	lor/loros, lora/lores, loro	los	lhis	se, s'1, sen5	–
		Formal (fem.)					les
3rd	Singular	Masculine	elh		sí	suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo	lu, l'1, l (post-verbal after vowel)	lhi, lh'1	se, s'1	so(n)2/sos, sa(n)2/ses, so(n)2
		Feminine	elha				la, l'4
		Neuter	elho				lo, l'1
	Plural	Masculine	elhos			lor/loros, lora/lores, loro	los	lhis	se, s'1, sen5	–
		Feminine	elhes				les

Notes:

¹ Preverbal before vowel.

² -n is appended to the singular clitic possessives when the following word begins in a vowel. Also note that in more archaic forms of Essanian, a glide may be added after the initial consonant of the clitic possessives in both the singular and plural. This glide is -i- in the first person and -u- in the second and third persons.

³ Post-verbal after vowel.

⁴ Preverbal before a.

⁵ Post-verbal after non-finite form (infinitive, participles, etc.).

Syntax

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Totos los seros umanos naxen horros ed equalos en dinitá i dreitos. Dotatos de rachón y conxencha, deven comportar-sen los unos colos otros en ruhu de germantá.