Calusto

Calusto
Kaloust
𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌏𐌖𐌔𐌕
Pronunciation	[ka'lu:sto]
Created by	Fox Saint-Just
Date	2017
Writing systems	Old Italic Latin
Language codes
CLCR	---

Calusto is an a posteriori language created by user Fox Saint-Just in 2017. It is based on Indo-European languages.

Introduction

Calusto was created for a literary project, as an Indo-European language that was lost during the Roman expansion and later artificially reconstructed. Thus, despite having an alphabet derived from Old Italic script and a grammar influenced by Latin, Calusto's vocabulary includes a large amount of words common to the languages of the Silk Road, including Chinese.

Its name derives from the word 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌏𐌖 for "mist", making the meaning of Calusto close to "misty".

Phonology

Vowels

Calusto has long and short vowels.

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i iː y yː1		u uː
Close-mid	e e: ø		o o:
Open-mid	ɛ ɛː	ə2	ɔ ɔː
Open	a aː

¹/y:/ is very rare.
²/ə/ is not related to a specific letter or combination of letters.

Consonants

→ PoA ↓ Manner		Labial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasals		𐌌 m		𐌍 n		𐌍𐌝 ɲ1
Plosives	Voiceless	𐌐 p		𐌕 t			𐌊 k 𐌒 kʷ
	Voiced	𐌁 b		𐌃 d			𐌂 ɡ
Affricates				𐌕𐌆 ts 𐌆 dz	𐌙 t̠ʃ 𐌃𐌚 d̠ʒ1
Fricatives	Voiceless	𐌘 ɸ		𐌔 s	𐌑 ʃ 𐌚 ʒ		𐌗 x	𐌇 h
	Voiced		𐌅 v 𐌈 θ	𐌔 z			𐌂𐌇 ɣ1
Liquids				𐌓 r 𐌋 l		𐌋𐌝 ʎ1
Approximants						𐌝 j

¹ Used only in loanwords.

Stress

Generally, words ending in consonant are stressed on the third to last syllable, while words ending in vowels are stressed on the penultimate one.

Orthography

Morphology

Calusto has three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative).

Declensions

Nouns and adjective follow a system of five declensions. Few names follow an irregular declension.

The -os declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly masculine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌔 ("son").

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌔 synos	𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌉 syni
Accusative	𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌍 synon	𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌖𐌔 synous
Genitive	𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌉 syni	𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌌 synom
Dative	𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏 syno	𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌉𐌔 synis
Ablative	𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌃 synod	𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌉𐌔 synois

The -a declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly feminine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀 ("face").

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀 čera	𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌄 čerae
Accusative	𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌍 čeran	𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌔 čeras
Genitive	𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌔 čeras	𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌌 čeram
Dative	𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌄 čere	𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌉𐌔 čeris
Ablative	𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌃 čerad	𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌉𐌔 čerais

The consonantic declension is the widest one, as it contains:

• A consonant not already covered by the previous declensions, independently from gender
• Names ending in -is, generally derived from Greek and/or Latin
• Despite its name, nouns and/or adjectives ending in -e or -i
• Nouns ending in -as or ā

The paradigm is given for the first three cases, with the words 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 ("beast"), 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌉𐌔 ("psychosis") and 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌉 ("fast") respectively. Note that several words belonging to this declension show an oblique stem, such as names ending in -ā (with the genitive singular ending in -atis).

	Singular	Plural		Singular	Plural		Singular	Plural
Nominative	𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 gver	𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌔 gvers		𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌉𐌔 psychosis	𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌄𐌔 psychoses		𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌉 šigri	𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌄𐌔 šigres
Accusative	𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 gver	𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌔 gvers		𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌉𐌔 psychosis	𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌄𐌔 psychoses		𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌉 šigri	𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌄𐌔 šigres
Genitive	𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌉𐌔 gveris	𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌉𐌄𐌔 gveries		𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌉𐌔 psychosis	𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌉𐌄𐌔 psychosies		𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌉𐌔 šigris	𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌉𐌄𐌔 šigries
Dative	𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌄 gvere	𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌉𐌔 gvereis		𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌄 psychose	𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌄𐌉𐌔 psychoseis		𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌄 šigre	𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌄𐌉𐌔 šigreis
Ablative	𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌉 gverei	𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌉𐌔 gvereis		𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌄𐌉 psychosei	𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌄𐌉𐌔 psychoseis		𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌄𐌉 šigrei	𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌄𐌉𐌔 šigreis

The -ou declension includes neuter nouns and can be considered the descendant of the Indo-European u-stem. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌏𐌖 ("human being").

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌏𐌖 manou	𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌏𐌖𐌔 manous
Accusative	𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌏𐌖𐌍 manoun	𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌏𐌖𐌔 manous
Genitive	𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌏𐌖𐌅 manouv	𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌏𐌖𐌔 manoum
Dative	𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌏𐌖𐌉 manoui	𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌏𐌖𐌉𐌔 manouis
Ablative	𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌏𐌖𐌉 manoui	𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌏𐌖𐌉𐌔 manouis

Syntax