Norþimris
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| Norþimris | |
|---|---|
| Norþimris | |
| Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|nɔɹˈθɪmɾɪs]] |
| Created by | – |
| Native to | Norþimer |
| Native speakers | 13 million (2011) |
Early forms | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Norþimer |
Norþimris [nɔɹˈθɪmrɪs] (also Northimris or Northumbrian in English) is a Germanic language spoken by the people of Norþimer, one of the four states of Great Britain alongside Scotland, England and Wales. Physically situated between Scotland and England, Norþimris shares much in common with Scots and English, all of which descend from Old English, and may be seen as part of a dialect continuum with those two languages. However, unlike its neighbours, Norþimris has very little influence from French and retains a much stronger Anglo-Norse vocabulary.
Phonology
Dialects
There is a great deal of dialect variation across Norþimer, but there are generally considered to be four main dialects:
- Southern, which is the closest to a 'standard' dialect, found in Yorucscir
- Northern, extending north from Weer Ei (River Wear) to the Scottish border
- Western, the dialect west of the moors
- South-western, the dialect of the Þreiplands, sometimes called Þreiplandris
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
| Plosive | p b | t d | k g | |||||
| Fricative | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ | h | |||
| Affricate | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | |||||||
| Approximant | ʍ w | ɹ | j | |||||
| Flap or tap | ɾ | |||||||
| Lateral app. | l | |||||||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | iː | uː | |
| Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |
| Close-mid | eː | oː | |
| Mid | ə | ||
| Open-mid | ɛ | ||
| Near-open | æː | ||
| Open | a | ɒ |
Orthography
| Graph | IPA | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| a | /a/ | |
| au | /oː/ | sometimes /aː/ in parts of the W |
| b | /b/ | |
| c | /k/ | |
| ch | /t͡ʃ/ | |
| cg | /d͡ʒ/ | traditionally not permitted to occur word initially, but now used in borrowings such as cgin 'engine' |
| d | /d/ | |
| ð | /ð/ | |
| e | /ɛ/ | |
| ea | /eː/ | tending towards /eə/ |
| /ja/ | often word initially or after initial /h/, particularly in N & W (e.g. ean 'one' /jan/, heam /hjam/) | |
| ee | /iː/ | often /iə/ in N & W |
| ei | /iə/ | but /iː/ in open syllables (e.g. sei 'sea'). Often /ei/ in N & W |
| eo | /iː/ | /ɪu̯/ in areas bordering Scotland |
| ey | /ei̯/ | |
| f | /f/ | initially or before a voiceless plosive |
| /v/ | medially and finally | |
| f | /f/ | |
| g | /g/ | |
| h | /h/ | initially |
| /f/ | medially and finally; tends to become /x/ in the far N | |
| Ø | generally before -t | |
| i | /ɪ/ | |
| ie | /ɪ/ | only occurs word-finally (e.g. nouhtie 'poor'). |
| iy | /æː/ | |
| l | /l/ | |
| m | /m/ | |
| n | /n/ | |
| ng | /ŋ/ | |
| o | /ɒ/ | |
| oo | /oː/ | |
| ou | /ɔu̯/ | |
| p | /p/ | |
| r | /ɾ/ | before a vowel |
| /ɹ/ | before a consonant | |
| s | /s/ | initially, adjacent to a voiceless consonant and sometimes finally after a vowel |
| /z/ | between vowels or adjacent to a voiced sound, sometimes finally after a vowel | |
| sc | /ʃ/ | |
| sk | /sk/ | the only permitted use of k in native words |
| ss | /s/ | only occurs following short vowels |
| t | /t/ | |
| þ | /θ/ | |
| u | /ʊ/ | |
| uu | /uː ~ ʊu̯/ | |
| w | /w/ | |
| hw | /ʍ/ | in some dialects, tending to become /h/ before round vowels and /w/ elsewhere |
| x | /ks/ | |
| z | /t͡s/ | used mostly in borrowed words |
Notes:
- the only letter which should present any difficulty to the reader is <s>, the pronunciation of which is not always predictable. In this article, voiceless /s/ will be written <ṡ> where confusion may arise (e.g. huuṡ 'house', riyṡ 'rice').