Doidhesh
Doidhesh (native: Doidhesh/Dœðesc /ˈdœʏðɛʃ/) is an Anglic language descended from Old English.
| Doidhesh | |
|---|---|
| Doidhesh sweazh Dœðesc swjec | |
| Pronunciation | [ˈdœʏðɛʃ ʃwɛʃ] |
| Created by | Shariifka |
Early forms | |
Introduction
Etymology
From Old English þēodisċ "vernacular language" < Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz "of the people" < *þeudō "people" + -iskaz "-ish".
Synchronically analyzable as doit/dœt "people" + -esh/-esc "-ish".
Phonology
Orthography
Two Latin-based orthograpies are used:
- Egelstaiv/Egelstæf ("English letter(s)"): Based on Middle English orthography.
- Teanstaiv/Tjenstæf ("Danish letter(s)"): Based on Old English orthography, reinforced by Old Norse.
This article will use both orthographies separated by a slash (/). The orthographies will ve referred to as Egelstaiv and Tjenstæf respectively.
Consonants
| IPA | Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf |
|---|---|---|
| m | m | m |
| p | p; pp¹ | p; pp¹ |
| b | b | b |
| f | f; v² | f; ff¹ |
| v | v | v |
| n | n | n |
| t | t; tt¹ | t; tt¹ |
| d | d | d |
| θ | th; dh² | þ; þþ¹ |
| ð | dh | ð |
| s | s; z² | s; ss¹ |
| z | z | z |
| r | r | r |
| l | l | l |
| tʃ | tch; t³ | tc; tj; t_j⁴; tsc |
| dʒ | j; d³ | dj; d_j⁴ |
| ʃ | sh; zh²; s³ | c; cc¹; sc⁵; sj; ssj¹; s_j⁴; s⁶ |
| ʒ | zh; z³ | zj; z_j⁴; cz⁷ |
| ɲ | ny; n³ | nj; n_j⁴ |
| c | k³ | kj; k_j⁴ |
| ɟ | g³ | gj; g_j⁴ |
| ç | h³ | hj; h_j⁴ |
| j | y; ∅³ | j |
| ʎ | l³ | lj; l_j⁴ |
| ŋ | n⁸ | n⁸ |
| k | k | k |
| ɡ | g | g |
| x | h⁹; ch; gh² | h; hh¹ |
| w | w; ∅¹⁰ | w |
Notes:
¹ Word-finally when it does not lenite.
² Word-finally when it lenites.
³ Before ea and eo, even if there is intervening -w-.
⁴ When separated with -w-.
⁵ Does not lenite when word-final.
⁶ Before tj.
⁷ When lenited from -c.
⁸ Before velar consonants.
⁹ Word-initially.
¹⁰ Before oa.
Vowels
| IPA | Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf |
|---|---|---|
| ɑ | a | a |
| æ | ä | ä |
| aʊ | au | á |
| aɪ | ai | æ |
| ɛ | e | e |
| eɪ | ei | é |
| jɛ; ɛ¹ | ea | je |
| ɪ | i | i |
| i | ie | í |
| ɔ | o | o |
| oʊ | ou | ó |
| wɔ; ɔ² | oa | wo |
| ʊ | u | u |
| u | ue | ú |
| œ | ö | ö |
| øʏ | oi | œ |
| jœ; œ¹ | eo | jö |
| ʏ | ü | y |
| y | üe | ý |
| œʊ | eu | öu |
| jœʊ; œʊ¹ | eou | jöu |
Notes:
¹ When previous consonant is palatalized.
² After /w/.
Morphophonology
Lenition
When a word ending in a voiceless stop or fricative has a vowel-initial suffix added, the final consonant becomes a voiced fricative. This is known as lenition.
Not all such words undergo lenition. Whether a word undergoes lenition or not is predictable from its orthography.
The table below summarizes the consonants that can undergo lenition when they occur at the end of a word. Note that this table specifically indicates how consonants are written word-finally and when lenited.
| Phoneme | Unlenited form | Lenited form | Non-leniting equivalent | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | IPA | Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | |
| p | p | p | v | v | v | pp | pp |
| f | v | f | f | ff | |||
| t | t | t | ð | dh | ð | tt | tt |
| θ | dh | þ | th | þþ | |||
| s | z | s | z | z | z | s | ss |
| ʃ | zh | c | ʒ | zh | cz | sh | cc, sc |
| k | k | k | ∅¹ | ∅¹ | ∅¹ | ck | kk |
| x | gh | h | ch | hh | |||
Notes:
¹ The consonant is dropped, leading to predictable vowel simplifications (see the next section below).
Vowel simplifications
When vowels are brought into hiatus, whether due to the lenition of /k/ or /x/, the addition of a vowel-initial suffix to a vowel-final word, or during compounding, the hiatus is simplified according to the following rules.
| First vowel | Second vowel | Result | Remarks | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | |
| Low vowel | Front vowel | ai | æ | |||
| Low vowel | Back vowel | au | á | |||
| e, ei | e, é | Non-rounded front vowel | ei | é | ||
| e, ei | e, é | Rounded vowel | eu | öu | ||
| etc | ||||||
Notes:
- "Low vowels" refer to ⟨a, au/á, ä, ai/æ⟩.
- "Front vowels" refer to ⟨ä, ai/æ, e, ei/é, ea/je, i, ie/í, ö, oi/œ, eo/jö, ü/y, üe/ý⟩.
- "Back vowels" refer to ⟨a, au/á, o, ou/ó, oa/wo, u, ue/ú, eu/öu, eou/jöu⟩.
- "Non-rounded front vowels" refer to all front vowels except ⟨ö, oi/œ, eo/jö, ü/y, üe/ý⟩.
- "Rounded vowels" refer to all back vowels except a plus ⟨ö, oi/œ, eo/jö, ü/y, üe/ý⟩.
Morphology
Numerals
| Number | Cardinal | Ordinal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | |
| 0 | noucht | nóht | nouchth | nóhþ |
| 1 | oan | won | worm | worm |
| 2 | thwoa | þwo | thwoudher | þwóðer |
| 3 | droi | drœ | dritt | dritt |
| 4 | heour | hjöur | heourdh | hjöurþ |
| 5 | wiev | wíf | wift | wift |
| 6 | sois | sœs | soist | sœst |
| 7 | seoun | sjöun | seound | sjöund |
| 8 | ächt | äht | ächth | ähþ |
| 9 | nein | nén | neind | nénd |
| 10 | thüen | þýn | thoidh | þœþ |
| 11 | eleun | elöun | eleund | elöund |
| 12 | thwelv | þwelf | thwelft | þwelft |
| 13 | droidhün | drœðyn | droidhödh | drœðöþ |
| 14 | heourdhün | hjöurðyn | heourdhödh | hjöurðöþ |
| 15 | wiftün | wiftyn | wiftödh | wiftöþ |
| 16 | soistün | sœstyn | soistödh | sœstöþ |
| 17 | seoundün | sjöundyn | seoundödh | sjöundöþ |
| 18 | ächtün | ähtyn | ächtödh | ähtöþ |
| 19 | neindün | néndyn | neindödh | néndöþ |
| 20 | thwendei | þwendé | thwendeidh | þwendéþ |