Doidhesh
Doidhesh (native: Doidhesh/Dœðesc /ˈdøɪðɛʃ/) is an Anglic language descended from Old English.
| Doidhesh | |
|---|---|
| Doidhesh sweazh Dœðesc swjec | |
| Pronunciation | [ˈdøɪðɛʃ ʃwɛʃ] |
| Created by | Shariifka |
Early forms | |
Introduction
Etymology
From Old English þēodisċ "vernacular language" < Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz "of the people" < *þeudō "people" + -iskaz "-ish".
Synchronically analyzable as doit/dœt "people" + -esh/-esc "-ish".
Phonology
Orthography
Two Latin-based orthograpies are used:
- Egelstaiv/Egelstæf ("English letter(s)"): Based on Middle English orthography.
- Teanstaiv/Tjenstæf ("Danish letter(s)"): Based on Old English orthography, reinforced by Old Norse.
This article will use both orthographies separated by a slash (/). The orthographies will be referred to as Egelstaiv and Tjenstæf respectively.
Consonants
| IPA | Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf |
|---|---|---|
| m | m | m |
| p | p; pp¹ | p; pp¹ |
| b | b | b |
| f | f; v² | f; ff¹ |
| v | v | v |
| n | n | n |
| t | t; tt¹ | t; tt¹ |
| d | d | d |
| θ | th; dh² | þ; þþ¹ |
| ð | dh | ð |
| s | s; z² | s; ss¹ |
| z | z | z |
| r | r | r |
| l | l | l |
| tʃ | tch; t³ | tc; tj; t_j⁴; tsc |
| dʒ | j; d³ | dj; d_j⁴ |
| ʃ | sh; zh²; s³ | c; cc¹; sc⁵; sj; ssj¹; s_j⁴; s⁶ |
| ʒ | zh; z³ | zj; z_j⁴; cz⁷ |
| ɲ | ny; n³ | nj; n_j⁴ |
| c | k³ | kj; k_j⁴ |
| ɟ | g³ | gj; g_j⁴ |
| ç | h³ | hj; h_j⁴ |
| j | y; ∅³ | j |
| ʎ | l³ | lj; l_j⁴ |
| ŋ | n⁸ | n⁸ |
| k | k | k |
| ɡ | g | g |
| x | h⁹; ch; gh² | h; hh¹ |
| w | w; ∅¹⁰ | w |
Notes:
¹ Word-finally when it does not lenite.
² Word-finally when it lenites.
³ Before ea and eo, even if there is intervening -w-.
⁴ When separated with -w-.
⁵ Does not lenite when word-final.
⁶ Before tj.
⁷ When lenited from -c.
⁸ Before velar consonants.
⁹ Word-initially.
¹⁰ Before oa.
Vowels
| IPA | Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf |
|---|---|---|
| ɑ | a | a |
| æ | ä | ä |
| aʊ | au | á |
| aɪ | ai | æ |
| ɛ | e | e |
| eɪ | ei | é |
| jɛ; ɛ¹ | ea | je |
| ɪ | i | i |
| i | ie | í |
| ɔ | o | o |
| oʊ | ou | ó |
| wɔ; ɔ² | oa | wo |
| ʊ | u | u |
| u | ue | ú |
| œ | ö | ö |
| øɪ | oi | œ |
| jœ; œ¹ | eo | jö |
| ʏ | ü | y |
| y | üe | ý |
| œʊ | eu | öu |
| jœʊ; œʊ¹ | eou | jöu |
Notes:
¹ When previous consonant is palatalized.
² After /w/.
Morphophonology
Lenition
When a word ending in a voiceless stop or fricative has a vowel-initial suffix added, the final consonant becomes a voiced fricative. This is known as lenition.
Not all such words undergo lenition. Whether a word undergoes lenition or not is predictable from its orthography.
The table below summarizes the consonants that can undergo lenition when they occur at the end of a word. Note that this table specifically indicates how consonants are written word-finally and when lenited. The same phonemes may be written differently in other environments.
| Phoneme | Unlenited form | Lenited form | Non-leniting equivalent | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | IPA | Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | |
| p | p | p | v | v | v | pp | pp |
| f | v | f | f | ff | |||
| t | t | t | ð | dh | ð | tt | tt |
| θ | dh | þ | th | þþ | |||
| s | z | s | z | z | z | s | ss |
| ʃ | zh | c | ʒ | zh | cz | sh | cc, sc |
| k | k | k | ∅¹ | ∅¹ | ∅¹ | ck | kk |
| x | gh | h | ch | hh | |||
Notes:
¹ The consonant is dropped, leading to predictable vowel simplifications (see the next section below).
Vowel simplifications
When vowels are brought into hiatus, due to the addition of a vowel-initial suffix to a vowel-final word or the lenition of /k/ or /x/, the hiatus is simplified according to the following rules.
| First vowel | Second vowel | Result | Remarks | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | |
| a, au, ä, ai | a, á, ä, æ | ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe | ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý | ai | æ | |
| a, au, ä, ai | a, á, ä, æ | a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou | a, á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu | au | á | |
| e, ei | e, é | a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie | ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í | ei | é | |
| e, ei | e, é | au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou | á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu | eu | öu | |
| e, ei | e, é | ö, oi, eo, ü, üe | ö, œ, jö, y, ý | oi | œ | |
| ea | je | a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie | ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í | ea | je | |
| ea | je | au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou | á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu | eou | jöu | |
| ea | je | ö, oi, eo, ü, üe | ö, œ, jö, y, ý | oi | œ | |
| i, ie | i, í | a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie | ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í | ie | í | |
| i, ie | i, í | au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe | á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu, ö, œ, jö, y, ý | üe | ý | |
| o, ou | o, ó | ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe | ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý | oi | œ | |
| o, ou | o, ó | a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe | á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu | ou | ó | |
| oa | wo | ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe | ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý | oi | œ | |
| oa | wo | a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou | á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu | oa | wo | |
| u, ue | u, ú | ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe | ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý | üe | ý | |
| u, ue | u, ú | a,au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou | á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu | ue | ú | |
| ö, oi | ö, œ | a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe | ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý | oi | œ | |
| ö, oi | ö, œ | au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe | á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu | eu | öu | |
| eo | jö | a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe | ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý | eo | jö | |
| eo | jö | au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou | á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu | eou | jöu | |
| ü, üe | y, ý | Any vowel | üe | ý | ||
Morphology
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
| Subject | Object | Possessive | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1S | meizh/méc | mei/mé | mien/mín |
| 2S | due/dú | dei/dé | dien/dín |
| 3SM | sei/sé | soan/swon | saiz/sæs |
| 3SF | soi/sœ | soa/swo | sear/sjer |
| 3SN | daidh/dæþ | daidh/dæþ | daiz/dæs |
| 1P | bei/bé | buez/bús | buer/búr |
| 2P | jei/djé | jeu/djöu | jeur/djöur |
| 3P | goi/gœ | gein/gén | geor/gjör |
Numerals
| Number | Cardinal | Ordinal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | |
| 0 | noucht | nóht | nouchth | nóhþ |
| 1 | oan | won | worm | worm |
| 2 | thwoa | þwo | thwoudher | þwóðer |
| 3 | droi | drœ | drett | drett |
| 4 | heour | hjöur | heourdh | hjöurþ |
| 5 | wiev | wíf | wift | wift |
| 6 | sois | sœs | soist | sœst |
| 7 | seoun | sjöun | seound | sjöund |
| 8 | ächt | äht | ächth | ähþ |
| 9 | nein | nén | neind | nénd |
| 10 | thüen | þýn | thoidh | þœþ |
| 11 | eleun | elöun | eleund | elöund |
| 12 | thwelv | þwelf | thwelft | þwelft |
| 13 | droidhün | drœðyn | droidhödh | drœðöþ |
| 14 | heourdhün | hjöurðyn | heourdhödh | hjöurðöþ |
| 15 | wiftün | wiftyn | wiftödh | wiftöþ |
| 16 | soistün | sœstyn | soistödh | sœstöþ |
| 17 | seoundün | sjöundyn | seoundödh | sjöundöþ |
| 18 | ächtün | ähtyn | ächtödh | ähtöþ |
| 19 | neindün | néndyn | neindödh | néndöþ |
| 20 | thwendei | þwendé | thwendeidh | þwendéþ |
Verbs
The citation form of verbs is generally infinitive, present, past.
Doidhesh verbs do not conjugate for person or number.
Verbs are conjugated for three aspects, three tenses, and three voices.
Tenses are marked by the verb form:
- Present: Uses present form.
- Past: Uses past form.
- Future: Uses future form = infinitive with -n replaced by -d.
Aspects are marked with particles preceding the verb:
- Imperfective: No marker
- Perfective: pœ/poi
- Habitual: bjed/bead
Voices are marked with particles preceding the aspect marker:
- Active: No marker
- Middle: tón/toun
- Passive: máþ/maudh
Note that subject pronouns are obligatory, and they come before the voice marker.