Knašta
Knashta | |
---|---|
Knašta (Latin) Кнашта (Cyrillic) | |
Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|'knæʃta]] |
Created by | – |
Native speakers | Unknown () |
Indo-Korinthic
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | qtz |
Background
The Knašta language (English: [kɪnæʃta]), is a language spoken by the Corstek people, who reside on the east coast of North America. The language is related to the Corstek language, and contact with the English and French speaking peoples of the east coast has given rise to a creole called Kombiez.
Knašta is an Indo-Korinthic language. Proto-Indo-Korinthic was spoken in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent before the arrival of Indo-European speaking peoples. For an unspecified reason, the Korinthic people migrated out of India and settled in Greece in 100 BCE. The source of the name 'Korinthic' comes from the Proto-Indo-Korinthic word korintʰíkasʷēgrotʰníosī ([korɪntʰikasʷɛːgrotʰniosɪː]), which means 'the people who went to Corinth (Greece)' (literally Corinth-went-people). The Korinthic people then eventually migrated to what is modern-day France, where Latin heavily influenced their speech.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Korinthic peoples split. What are now called the Knashtic people (who refer to themselves as Corsteks), moved north into what is now the Netherlands, where their language was influenced by the Germanic peoples that lived there. The Korstekic people (who also refer to themselves as Corsteks), moved east into what is now the Czech republic, where their language was influenced by the Slavic peoples that lived there.
During the 18th century many Knaštic Corsteks went to North America, and founded the Republic of Corstekistan.
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
Plosive | p b | t d | k g | |||||
Fricative | f v | θ ð | z s | ʃ ʒ | ç ʝ | h | ||
Approximant | w | ɹ | j | |||||
Trill | ʙ* | r | ||||||
Lateral app. | l |
* This trill consonant is only found in some dialects, and is represented by the letter ŗ. However, in most dialects, including the Flaxilþrand Dialect, it represents the sound [pr].
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Near-Close | ɪ | ||
Close-Mid | e ø | o | |
Mid | e̞* | ||
Open-mid | ɛ ɛ̃ | ʌ ɔ*** | |
Near-open | æ** | ||
Open | a | ɑ ɑ̃ |
* This vowel sound only occurs according to the Tsí Rule, as well as at the end of some words that end in í.
** This vowel sound is an allophone of a.
*** This vowel sound is an allophone of o.
Phonotactics
Orthography
There are currently two accepted orthographies for Knašta: Latin and Cyrillic.
Latin
The Knašta Latins is semi-phonetic. Each letter only represents one sound, but some letters represent the same sound.
Letter | IPA Sound Value | Name |
---|---|---|
Aa | a | a |
Ææ | e | éí |
Āā | e | é makron |
Bb | b | bé |
Cc | s | sét |
Čč | tʃ | čé |
Dd | d | dé |
Ďď | dj | ďa |
Ðð | ð | eð |
Ee | ɛ | e |
Éé | e | é |
Ęę | ɚ | ę |
Ff | f | ef |
Gg | g | gé |
Ǵǵ | ʝ | ǵé |
Hh | h | haš |
Ii | ɪ | i |
Íí | i | í |
Jj | j | jé |
DŽ ǰ | dʒ | ǰé |
Kk | k | ka |
Ll | l | el |
Mm | m | em |
Nn | n | en |
Ňň | ɲ | ňa |
Oo | o | o |
Óó | ɒ | ó |
Øø | ay̯ | ø |
Pp | p | pé |
ç | qé | |
Rr | r | ro |
Řř | ɹ | řo |
Ŗŗ | pr, ʙ* | ŗo |
Ss | s | sé |
Šš | ʃ | šé |
Tt | t | té |
Ťť | tj | ťa |
Þþ | θ | þorna |
Uu | ʌ | u |
Ůů | u | ů |
Vv | v | vé |
Ww | w | wé |
Xx** | ks | xí [ksi] |
Yy | aɪ | y |
Ýý | i | ýgreka |
Zz | z | zed |
Žž | ʒ | žed |
Dipthongs
All dipthongs except for [ɔɪ] are represented by one letter. The letter combination 'oj represents [ɔɪ]
The Grave Accent
The grave accent (`) is used to ensure that vowels are pronounced separately.
Example: aktůèlt (current) [aktu.ɛlt]
*Sound depends on the dialect. See Knašta/Prevalence of the Bilabial Trill for more info.
**X is always pronounced [ks], never [z].
Cyrillic
The Knašta Cyrillic alphabet is completely phonetic. It also features many Iotified letters. However, these letters do not palatalize the previous consonant like in Russian.
Letter | IPA Sound Value | Name (In Knašta Latin) | Non-Knaštic Romanization** |
---|---|---|---|
Аа | a | a | a |
Бб | b | bé | b |
Вв | v | vé | v |
Гг | g | gé | g |
Ґґ | ʝ | ǵé otatůrna | gh |
Дд | d | dé | d |
Ее | e | é | ay |
Ѐѐ | je | jé | yay |
Ёё | jo | jo | yo |
Жж | ʒ | žé | zh |
Зз | z | zé | z |
Ҙҙ | ð | ðé | dh |
Ѕѕ | ç | qé | q |
Ии | ɪ | i | i |
Йй | j | jé | y |
Її | jɪ | ji | yi |
Ѵѵ | aɪ̯ | yžatsí | ai |
Кк | k | ka | k |
Ѯѯ | ks | xí | x |
Лл | l | el | l |
Мм | m | em | m |
Нн | n | en | n |
Њњ | ɲ | en jérí | ny |
Оо | o | o | o |
Өө | ɑ | ó | oh |
ОЬоь | œ | œ | oe |
Ӫӫ | jɑ | jó | yoh |
Пп | p | pé | p |
Рр | r | ro | r |
РЬрь | ɹ | řo | rh |
Ғғ | ʙ* | ŗo | pr |
Сс | s | sé | s |
Ҫҫ | θ | þé | th |
Тт | t | té | t |
Уу | u | ů | uu |
Ўў | ʌ | u | u |
Ұұ | w | wé | w |
АУау | ay̯ | ø | au |
Фф | f | ef | f |
Хх | h | haš | h |
Цц | t͡s | tsé | ts |
Чч | t͡ʃ | čé | ch |
Џџ | d͡ʒ | ǰé | dzh |
Шш | ʃ | ša | sh |
Ыы | i | jérí | ii |
Ӹӹ | ji | jí | jii |
Ээ | ɛ | e | e |
Ӭӭ | jɛ | je | ye |
Юю | ju | jů | yuu |
Яя | ja | ja | ya |
Ѣѣ | ɛ̃ | î | ih |
Ѧѧ | ɑ̃ | ê | eh |
*Sound depends on the dialect. See Knašta/Prevalence of the Bilabial Trill for more info.
**Normally, when romanizing Knašta Cyrillic, you would use Knašta Latin. However, If the target audience is not one that speaks Knašta, it is better to use the Non-Knaštic romanization.
Unlike in Russian, it is important to differentiate between е and ё. Ё can never be replaced with е.
Ť and Ď
The letters ť and ď have no counterparts in Knašta Cyrillic. Instead, they are represented by a combination of т for ť or д for ď and a iotified letter (for example the word pysťo (country) in Knašta Latin is пѵстё in Knašta Cyrillic).
Grammar
Morphology
Knašta is an agglutinative language. Word meanings can be changed by adding an array of different prefixes and suffixes, and word compounding between all classes of words (noun, verb, etc.) is allowed.
Nouns
Nouns in Knašta have no gender, and are all made plural by adding the suffix sin.
Nouns are inflected for three cases, nominative, genitive, and locative. The nominative form of the word is unchanged while the genitive form of the word contains the ins suffix, as seen in the below example. The locative case is formed by adding 'o' to the beginning of the word, except for the words travekatsjon (work, job), and mazak (house). The locative form of these two words is a sé travekatsjon and a sé mazak, respectively.
Nominative | Genitive | Locative | |
---|---|---|---|
Singular | ňos | ňos-ins | oňos |
person | person's | at, to person | |
Plural | ňossin | ňossin-ins | oňossin |
people | people's | at, to people |
Pronouns
There are three persons in Knašta.
1st singular | 2nd singular | 3rd singular | 1st plural | 2nd singular | 3rd singular | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Joj | Vošní | Íl (he), Èl (she), Lot (it) | Nærsk | Vošnísin | Lotsen |
Genitive | Jo-ins | Vošní-ins | Íl-ins, Èl-ins, Lot-ins | Nærsk-ins | Vošnísin-ins | Lotsen-ins |
Objective | Jo | Vošní | Íl, Èl, Lot | Nærsk | Vošnísin | Lotsen |
Note that only the first person singular pronoun has an irregular objective and genitive form.
Verbs
Almost all Knašta verbs are regular. There are only five irregular verbs in the entire language: kanel (can), potečřé (might), avbendí (need), můsťen (must), and ǰinxa (be, exist).
Regular Knašta verbs are grouped into two classes based on how they are conjugated, -va and -nés verbs. Which group any particular verb is in must be memorized, as it cannot be determined from the verb itself alone. The majority of regular Knašta verbs are -nés verbs.
Type I and II Irregular Verbs
Type I irregular verbs have an irregular conjugated form. The only Type I irregular verb is ǰinxa (to be). Type II irregular verbs do not change their form when conjugated. Type II irregular verbs are often helping verbs. The list of Type II irregular verbs are: kanel, potečřé, avbendí, and můsťen.
-va verbs
-va verbs add the suffix va to the verb with both second person forms. See the example below.
Present Tense Conjugation of Het (To Stop)
1st singular | 2nd singular | 3rd singular | 1st plural | 2nd plural | 3rd plural |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Joj het | Vošní hetva | Íl, Èl, Lot het | Nærsk het | Vošnísin hetva | Lotsen het |
-nés verbs
-nés verbs add the suffix nés to the verb with both second person forms. See the example below.
Present Tense Conjugation of Aďeska (To Help)
1st singular | 2nd singular | 3rd singular | 1st plural | 2nd plural | 3rd plural |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Joj aďeska | Vošní aďeskanés | Íl, Èl, Lot aďeska | Nærsk aďeska | Vošnísin aďeskanés | Lotsen aďeska |
Verb Tense
Tense is changed through the addition of one or multiple prefixes and suffixes. See the table below.
Affix | Meaning | Example | Example Translation |
---|---|---|---|
sen- | past | Joj sen-parlenska a íl. | I talked to him. |
són- | perfect | Joj són-parlenska a íl. | I have talked to him. |
til- | future | Joj til-parlenska a íl. | I will talk to him. |
-link | present perfect | Joj parlenska-link a íl. | I am talking to him. |
As stated above, these can be combined, as in the sentence Joj sen-parlenska-link a íl, which means I was talking to him.
Implied Agent Form
All Knašta verbs have what is known as an implied agent form. This form allows for the verb to be used without its corresponding pronoun.
1st Singular | 2nd Singular | Lot | 1st Plural | 2nd Plural | 3rd Plural |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
-katsí | -nés | Verb Infinitive | -katsa | -nétsa | -kalí |
1st Singular | 2nd Singular | Lot | 1st Plural | 2nd Plural | 3rd Plural |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
-katsí | -va | Verb Infinitive | -katsa | -vatsa | -kalí |
1st Singular | 2nd Singular | Lot | 1st Plural | 2nd Plural | 3rd Plural |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
None | None | Verb Infinitive | None | None | None |
Notice the use of lot instead of 3rd Singular. The implied agent form can only be used in the 3rd person singular if the agent (person or thing preforming the action) is lot (it).
Some regular verbs have irregular implied agent form stems, such as the verb ameska (to like).
1st singular | 2nd singular | Lot | 1st plural | 2nd plural | 3rd plural |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ameskkatsí | amesknés | ameska | ameskkatsa | amesknétsa | ameskkalí |
When using the implied agent form, the pronoun is omitted. For example, one can say Gróþkatsí-link el sé magazatí instead of Joj gróþ-link el sé magazatí, both of which mean "I am going to the store." Notice that it is called implied agent, not implied subject. A sentence like the following can be constructed: Kónjésakatsí drast til-gaňakatsa (I know that we'll win).
When in a verb phrase and used as a helping verb, the Type II irregular verb is not considered to be in the implied agent form, rather, it is applied to the verb being helped. For example, Kanel fétsakatsí lot means "I can do it", not "It can I do."