Thezhmic
Thezhmic (/ˈθɛʒmɪk/, Native: Ŧeźmikos /ˈθeʒmikos/, Liźēnom /liˈʒeːnom/) is an Indo-European language.
| Thezhmic | |
|---|---|
| Created by | Shariifka |
Indo-European
| |
Early form | Proto-Thezhmic
|
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Thezhmic is written with the Thezhmic alphabet.
In this article, the following romanization is used:
| Letter | IPA | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| A a | a | |
| Ā ā | aː | |
| B b | b | |
| C c | tʃ | |
| D d | d | |
| Đ đ | ð | |
| E e | e | |
| Ē ē | eː | |
| Ə ə | ə | |
| Ə̃ ə̃ | ə̃ | |
| F f | f | |
| G g | ɡ | |
| Ğ ğ | ɣ | |
| Ġ ġ | ʁ | |
| H h | h | |
| Ħ ħ | ħ | |
| I i | i | |
| Ī ī | iː | |
| J j | dʒ | |
| K k | k | |
| L l | l | |
| M m | m | |
| N n | n | |
| O o | o | |
| Ō ō | oː | |
| P p | p | |
| Q q | q | |
| Q̇ q̇ | ɢ | |
| R r | r | |
| S s | s | |
| Ś ś | ʃ | |
| T t | t | |
| Ŧ ŧ | θ | |
| U u | u | |
| Ū ū | uː | |
| Ũ ũ | ũ | |
| V v | v | |
| W w | w | |
| X x | x | |
| Ẋ ẋ | χ | |
| Y y | j | |
| Z z | z | |
| Ź ź | ʒ | |
| Ɂ ɂ | ʔ | |
| Ҁ ҁ | ʕ |
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | (ɲ) | (ŋ) | (ɴ) | |||||
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | k | q | ʔ | ||||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ɢ | ||||||
| Affricate | voiceless | tʃ | ||||||||
| voiced | dʒ | |||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | θ | s | ʃ | x | χ | ħ | h | |
| voiced | v | ð | z | ʒ | ɣ | ʁ | ʕ | |||
| Approximant | j | w | ||||||||
| Lateral | l | (ʎ) | ||||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i, iː | u, uː, ũ | |
| Mid | e, eː | ə, ə̃ | o, oː |
| Open | a, aː |
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns may have two stems, and these stems may or may not differ in accent. For these nouns, the primary stem is used in the nominative, vocative, and accusative while the secondary stem is used in the remaining cases. Depending on the noun, the nominative singular (and, for neuter nouns, the vocative and accusative singular) may also be irregular. Additionally, some neuter nouns have an irregular nominative/vocative/accusative plural.
O-stems and ā-stems almost always have a single stem, while other noun classes are more likely to have multiple stems.
The stems are given in the citation form: nominative singular, (nominative plural), genitive singular
- The nominative plural is used in the citation form when the nominative singular and/or nominative plural is irregular.
O-stems
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m./f. | n. | m./f./n. | m./f. | n. | |
| Nominative | -os | -om | -ō | -ōs | -ā |
| Vocative | -e | ||||
| Accusative | -om | -ons | |||
| Instrumental | -ō | -ovom | -ōis | ||
| Dative | -ōi | -ovos | |||
| Ablative | -ōd | ||||
| Genitive | -ośśo | -ous | -ōm | ||
| Locative | -ei | -oisu | |||
Ā-stems
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| m./f. | m./f. | m./f. | |
| Nominative | -ā, -ās | -āi | -ās |
| Vocative | -a | ||
| Accusative | -ām | -āns | |
| Instrumental | -ā | -āvom | -āvis |
| Dative | -āi | -āvos | |
| Ablative | -ās | ||
| Genitive | -āus | -āʕōm | |
| Locative | -āi | -āsu |
I-stems
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m./f. | n. | m./f./n. | m./f. | n. | |
| Nominative | -is | -i | -ī | -eis | -ī |
| Vocative | -i | ||||
| Accusative | -im | -ins | |||
| Instrumental | -ī | -ivom | -ivis | ||
| Dative | -ēi | -ivos | |||
| Ablative | -eis | ||||
| Genitive | -eyous | -eyōm | |||
| Locative | -ēi | -isu | |||
U-stems
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m./f. | n. | m./f./n. | m./f. | n. | |
| Nominative | -us | -u | -ū | -ewes | -ū |
| Vocative | -u | ||||
| Accusative | -um¹ | -uns | |||
| Instrumental | -ū | -uvom | -uvis | ||
| Dative | -ewei | -uvos | |||
| Ablative | -ewes | ||||
| Genitive | -ewous | -ewōm | |||
| Locative | -ewi | -usu | |||
Notes:
¹ When the accusative would have ended in -Vum (where V represents a vowel), the -u- instead dropped causing the preceding vowel to be lengthened.
Liquid/nasal-stems
These nouns have stems ending in a liquid (r or l) or a nasal (n or m).
In some cases, the stem-final consonant may vary betwen primary and secondary stems - the most common example is an alternation between r and n in neuter nouns.
The following shorthand symbols are used:
- C: represents the stem-final consonant (may be r, l, n, or m).
- S: represents the above consonant's "syllabic" counterpart. These are as follows:
| Consonant | Syllabic counterpart |
|---|---|
| r | ər |
| l | əl |
| n | ə̃ |
| m | ũ |
- V: represents the vowel preceding the stem-final consonant (may be e or o).
- L: represents the above vowel's lengthened counterpart (i.e. ē or ō).
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m./f. | n. | m./f./n. | m./f. | n. | |
| Nominative | -LC; -ō¹ | -S | -VCe | -eCes | -LC; -ō¹ |
| Vocative | -VC | ||||
| Accusative | -VCũ; -Lm² | -VCə̃s | |||
| Instrumental | -Cē | -Svom | -Svis | ||
| Dative | -Cei | -Svos | |||
| Ablative | -Ces | ||||
| Genitive | -Cous | -Cōm | |||
| Locative | -Ci | -Ssu | |||
Notes:
¹ When V = o and C = n (i.e. expected -ōn becomes -ō).
² When C = m (i.e. expected -Vmũ becomes -Lm).
Consonant-stems
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m./f. | n. | m./f./n. | m./f. | n. | |
| Nominative | -s; (irregular)¹ | - | -e | -es | -a; (irregular)¹ |
| Vocative | - | ||||
| Accusative | -ũ | -ə̃s | |||
| Instrumental | -ē | -fom | -fis | ||
| Dative | -ei | -fos | |||
| Ablative | -es | ||||
| Genitive | -ous | -ōm | |||
| Locative | -i | -su | |||
Notes:
¹ Often irregular.