Doidhesh
Doidhesh (native: Doidhesh/Dœðesc /ˈdøɪðɛʃ/) is an Anglic language descended from Old English.
| Doidhesh | |
|---|---|
| Doidhesh sweazh Dœðesc swjec | |
| Pronunciation | [ˈdøɪðɛʃ ʃwɛʃ] |
| Created by | Shariifka |
Early forms | |
Introduction
Etymology
From Old English þēodisċ "vernacular language" < Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz "of the people" < *þeudō "people" + -iskaz "-ish".
Synchronically analyzable as doit/dœt "people" + -esh/-esc "-ish".
Phonology
Orthography
Two Latin-based orthograpies are used:
- Egelstaiv/Egelstæf ("English letter(s)"): Based on Middle English orthography.
- Teanstaiv/Tjenstæf ("Danish letter(s)"): Based on Old English orthography, reinforced by Old Norse.
This article will use both orthographies separated by a slash (/). The orthographies will be referred to as Egelstaiv and Tjenstæf respectively.
Consonants
| IPA | Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf |
|---|---|---|
| m | m | m |
| p | p; pp¹ | p; pp¹ |
| b | b | b |
| f | f; v² | f; ff¹ |
| v | v | v |
| n | n | n |
| t | t; tt¹ | t; tt¹ |
| d | d | d |
| θ | th; dh² | þ; þþ¹ |
| ð | dh | ð |
| s | s; z² | s; ss¹ |
| z | z | z |
| r | r | r |
| l | l | l |
| tʃ | tch; t³ | tc; tj; t_j⁴; tsc |
| dʒ | j; d³ | dj; d_j⁴ |
| ʃ | sh; zh²; s³ | c; cc¹; sc⁵; sj; ssj¹; s_j⁴; s⁶ |
| ʒ | zh; z³ | zj; z_j⁴; cz⁷ |
| ɲ | ny; n³ | nj; n_j⁴ |
| c | k³ | kj; k_j⁴ |
| ɟ | g³ | gj; g_j⁴ |
| ç | h³ | hj; h_j⁴ |
| j | y; ∅³ | j |
| ʎ | l³ | lj; l_j⁴ |
| ŋ | n⁸ | n⁸ |
| k | k | k |
| ɡ | g | g |
| x | h⁹; ch; gh² | h; hh¹ |
| w | w; ∅¹⁰ | w |
Notes:
¹ Word-finally when it does not lenite.
² Word-finally when it lenites.
³ Before ea and eo, even if there is intervening -w-.
⁴ When separated with -w-.
⁵ Does not lenite when word-final.
⁶ Before tj.
⁷ When lenited from -c.
⁸ Before velar consonants.
⁹ Word-initially.
¹⁰ Before oa.
Vowels
| IPA | Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf |
|---|---|---|
| ɑ | a | a |
| æ | ä | ä |
| aʊ | au | á |
| aɪ | ai | æ |
| ɛ | e | e |
| eɪ | ei | é |
| jɛ; ɛ¹ | ea | je |
| ɪ | i | i |
| i | ie | í |
| ɔ | o | o |
| oʊ | ou | ó |
| wɔ; ɔ² | oa | wo |
| ʊ | u | u |
| u | ue | ú |
| œ | ö | ö |
| øɪ | oi | œ |
| jœ; œ¹ | eo | jö |
| ʏ | ü | y |
| y | üe | ý |
| œʊ | eu | öu |
| jœʊ; œʊ¹ | eou | jöu |
Notes:
¹ When previous consonant is palatalized.
² After /w/.
Morphophonology
Lenition
When a word ending in a voiceless stop or fricative has a vowel-initial suffix added, the final consonant becomes a voiced fricative. This is known as lenition.
Not all such words undergo lenition. Whether a word undergoes lenition or not is predictable from its orthography.
The table below summarizes the consonants that can undergo lenition when they occur at the end of a word. Note that this table specifically indicates how consonants are written word-finally and when lenited. The same phonemes may be written differently in other environments.
| Phoneme | Unlenited form | Lenited form | Non-leniting equivalent | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | IPA | Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | |
| p | p | p | v | v | v | pp | pp |
| f | v | f | f | ff | |||
| t | t | t | ð | dh | ð | tt | tt |
| θ | dh | þ | th | þþ | |||
| s | z | s | z | z | z | s | ss |
| ʃ | zh | c | ʒ | zh | cz | sh | cc, sc |
| k | k | k | ∅¹ | ∅¹ | ∅¹ | ck | kk |
| x | gh | h | ch | hh | |||
Notes:
¹ The consonant is dropped, leading to predictable vowel simplifications (see the next section below).
Vowel simplifications
When vowels are brought into hiatus, due to the addition of a vowel-initial suffix to a vowel-final word or the lenition of /k/ or /x/, the hiatus is simplified according to the following rules.
| First vowel | Second vowel | Result | Remarks | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | |
| a, au, ä, ai | a, á, ä, æ | ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe | ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý | ai | æ | |
| a, au, ä, ai | a, á, ä, æ | a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou | a, á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu | au | á | |
| e, ei | e, é | a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie | ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í | ei | é | |
| e, ei | e, é | au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou | á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu | eu | öu | |
| e, ei | e, é | ö, oi, eo, ü, üe | ö, œ, jö, y, ý | oi | œ | |
| ea | je | a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie | ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í | ea | je | |
| ea | je | au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou | á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu | eou | jöu | |
| ea | je | ö, oi, eo, ü, üe | ö, œ, jö, y, ý | oi | œ | |
| i, ie | i, í | a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie | ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í | ie | í | |
| i, ie | i, í | au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe | á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu, ö, œ, jö, y, ý | üe | ý | |
| o, ou | o, ó | ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe | ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý | oi | œ | |
| o, ou | o, ó | a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe | á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu | ou | ó | |
| oa | wo | ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe | ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý | oi | œ | |
| oa | wo | a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou | á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu | oa | wo | |
| u, ue | u, ú | ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe | ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý | üe | ý | |
| u, ue | u, ú | a,au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou | á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu | ue | ú | |
| ö, oi | ö, œ | a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe | ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý | oi | œ | |
| ö, oi | ö, œ | au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe | á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu | eu | öu | |
| eo | jö | a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe | ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý | eo | jö | |
| eo | jö | au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou | á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu | eou | jöu | |
| ü, üe | y, ý | Any vowel | üe | ý | ||
Morphology
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
| Subject | Object | Possessive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | |
| 1S | meizh | méc | mei | mé | mien | mín |
| 2S | due | dú | dei | dé | dien | dín |
| 3SM | sei | sé | soan | swon | saiz | sæs |
| 3SF | soi | sœ | soa | swo | sear | sjer |
| 3SN | daidh | dæþ | daidh | dæþ | daiz | dæs |
| 1P | bei | bé | buez | bús | buer | búr |
| 2P | jei | djé | jeu | djöu | jeur | djöur |
| 3P | goi | gœ | gein | gén | geor | gjör |
Numerals
| Number | Cardinal | Ordinal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | Egelstaiv | Tjenstæf | |
| 0 | noucht | nóht | nouchth | nóhþ |
| 1 | oan | won | worm | worm |
| 2 | thwoa | þwo | thwoudher | þwóðer |
| 3 | droi | drœ | drett | drett |
| 4 | heour | hjöur | heourdh | hjöurþ |
| 5 | wiev | wíf | wift | wift |
| 6 | sois | sœs | soist | sœst |
| 7 | seoun | sjöun | seound | sjöund |
| 8 | ächt | äht | ächth | ähþ |
| 9 | nein | nén | neind | nénd |
| 10 | thüen | þýn | thoidh | þœþ |
| 11 | eleun | elöun | eleund | elöund |
| 12 | thwelv | þwelf | thwelft | þwelft |
| 13 | droidhün | drœðyn | droidhödh | drœðöþ |
| 14 | heourdhün | hjöurðyn | heourdhödh | hjöurðöþ |
| 15 | wiftün | wiftyn | wiftödh | wiftöþ |
| 16 | soistün | sœstyn | soistödh | sœstöþ |
| 17 | seoundün | sjöundyn | seoundödh | sjöundöþ |
| 18 | ächtün | ähtyn | ächtödh | ähtöþ |
| 19 | neindün | néndyn | neindödh | néndöþ |
| 20 | thwendei | þwendé | thwendeidh | þwendéþ |
Nouns
Nouns are pluralized with the ending -as. The singular is usually used if the context makes it clear that the word is plural (such as after numerals, plural determiners, etc.).
Adjectives
Adjectives do not decline.
Verbs
The citation form of verbs is generally infinitive, present, past.
Doidhesh verbs do not conjugate for person or number.
Verbs are conjugated for three aspects, three tenses, and three voices.
Tenses are marked by the verb form:
- Present: Uses present form.
- Past: Uses past form.
- Future: Uses future form.
- This is formed by replacing the final -n of the infinitive with -d.
Aspects are marked with particles preceding the verb:
- Imperfective: No marker
- Perfective: poi/pœ
- Habitual: bed
Voices are marked with particles preceding the aspect marker:
- Active: No marker
- Middle: toun/tón
- Passive: maudh/máþ
Note that subject pronouns are obligatory, and they come before the voice marker.
In summary, a verb is formed as follows: subject pronoun + voice marker + aspect marker + tense-specific form of verb
Syntax
Vocabulary
Time - Thiet/Þít
| English | Doidhesh |
|---|---|
| spring | lengthen/lengþen |
| summer | soumer/sómer |
| fall | gärst |
| winter | bender |
| English | Doidhesh |
|---|---|
| January | Äfterjoul/Äfterdjól |
| February | Soalmounth/Swolmónþ |
| March | Greithmounth/Gréþmónþ |
| April | Eastermounth/Jestermónþ |
| May | Dreimelsh/Drémelc |
| June | Earleidh/Jerléþ |
| July | Äfterleidh/Äfterléþ |
| August | Boitmounth/Bœtmónþ |
| September | Gärstmounth/Gärstmónþ |
| October | Benderwülth/Benderwülþ |
| November | Plouthmounth/Plóþmónþ |
| December | Earjoul/Jerdjól |
| English | Doidhesh |
|---|---|
| Sunday | Sondai/Sondæ |
| Monday | Moundai/Mondæ |
| Tuesday | Thüestai/Þýstæ |
| Wednesday | Wonstai/Wonstæ |
| Thursday | Dorstai/Dorstæ |
| Friday | Vriedhai/Vríðæ |
| Saturday | Saidherstai/Sæðerstæ |
| English | Doidhesh |
|---|---|
| day | tai/tæ |
| dawn | |
| morning | morn |
| noon | mittai/mittæ |
| afternoon | |
| evening | eaven/jeven |
| dusk | |
| night | necht/neht |
| midnight | mitnecht/mitneht |
| English | Doidhesh |
|---|---|
| second | |
| minute | |
| hour | thiem/þím |
| day | tai/tæ |
| week | beizh/béc |
| month | mounth/mónþ |
| season | seal/sjel |
| year | jear/djer |
| English | Doidhesh |
|---|---|
| now | nue/nú |
| then | don |
| recently, a short time ago | |
| earlier | ear/jer |
| soon, shortly | |
| later | äfter |
| always | sebel |
| often | oft |
| sometimes | gwielom/gwílom |
| rarely | selten |
| never | noa/nwo; neaver/njever |
| ever | oa/wo; eaver/jever |
| still, yet | jüedh/jýþ |
| already | ju |
| today | thoudhai/þóðæ |
| tonight | thounecht/þóneht |
| yesterday | jörstandai/djörstandæ |
| last night | jörstanecht/djörstaneht |
| tomorrow | thoumorn/þómorn |
| before yesterday | |
| two nights ago | |
| after tomorrow | |
| this week | |
| last week | |
| next week |
Colours - Teas/Tjes
| English | Gothedish |
|---|---|
| white | gweidh/gwéþ |
| grey | kreai/krjei |
| black | plaigh/plæh |
| red | reat/rjet |
| orange | |
| brown | pruen/prún |
| yellow | jeol/djöl |
| green | krein/krén |
| blue | ploi/plœ |
| pink | rouzen/rózen |
| purple | pauz/pás |
| golden | költen |
Example texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
Eagelstaiv: Äl mangün goi maudh pear beazed goi vroi od jeliezh en börd od jericht. Goi maudh jeiv bistom od jüedh, älso goi shail akroav älshoudher en kost auv broudhershev.
Tjenstæf: Äl mangyn gœ máþ pjer bjezed gœ vrœ od djelíc en börd od djerihtas. Gœ máþ djéf bistom od djýþ, älso gœ scæl akrwof älcóðer en kost áf bróðerscef.
IPA: /æl ˈmɑŋɡʏn ɡøɪ maʊθ pjɛr ˈbjɛzɛd ɡøɪ vrøɪ ɔd dʒɛˈliʃ ɛn bœrd ɔd dʒɛˈrɪxtas ‖ ɡøɪ maʊθ dʒeɪf ˈbɪstɔm ɔd dʒyθ | ˈælsɔ ɡøɪ ʃaɪl ɑˈkrwɔf ˌælˈʃoʊðɛr ɛn kɔst aʊf ˈbroʊðɛrˌʃɛf/
Gloss: all mankind they PASS bear being they free and alike in worth and rights. they PASS give reason and conscience, and they should behave-to each-other in spirit of brotherhood.