Hara

Hara (/hɑɹə/, native: fòhàřàà /ɸòhàɽàː/) is a South Semitic language.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex/ Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labiovelar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n ~ ɳ²			ɲ	ŋ	ŋʷ
Stop	tenuis	p	t		ʈ	c ~ tʃ	k	kʷ	ʔ
	voiced¹	b	d		ɖ	ɟ ~ dʒ	ɡ	ɡʷ
	implosive	ɓ	ɗ			ʄ	ɠ	ɠʷ
Fricative	voiceless	ɸ	(θ)	s	ʃ		(x)		h
	voiced	β	(ð)	(z)			(ɣ)
Approximant			l		ɽ ~ ɻ	j	ɰ	w
Tap			ɾ

Notes:

¹ In native words, tenuis and voiced stops are in complementary distribution, with voiced stops occuring after nasals (which are always homorganic) and tenuis stops occuring otherwise. However, the distinction has been phonemized due to the introduction of loanwords.

² /n/ is pronounced [ɳ] before retroflex stops.

³ Phonemes in brackets exclusively occur in loanwords.

Vowels

Vowel phonemes

	Front	Central	Back
High	i, iː		u, uː
Mid	e, eː		o, oː
Low		a, aː

Diphthongs do not exist in native words.

Nasals can be syllabic.

A long vowel consists of two moras. A syllabic nasal is considered a mora.

Tones

A mora can have either a high tone or low tone. High tone is considered the default/unmarked form.

Tones are usually not indicated in writing. In this article, a low tone is indicated with a grave accent (à).

Morphophonology

Prenasalization

When a prefix ending in a nasal is attached to a word, the following mutations occur:

• Tenuis stop > voiced
• /N/ + /t, ɾ/ > /nd/
• /N/ + /ɽ, l/ > /ɳɖ/
• /N/ + /p, β/ > /mb/
• /N/ + /k, ɰ/ > /ŋɡ/
• /N/ + /j/ > /ɲ/
• /N/ + /tʃ, ʒ/ > /ndʒ/
• /N/ before vowel, /h/, or /ʔ/ > /ŋ/
• /N/ + /w/ > /ŋʷ/
• /N/ + nasal > geminated nasal

Gemination

When a geminating prefix is attached to a word, the following consonants mutate:

• /ɸ, β/ > /pː/
• /ɾ, h, ʔ/ > /tː/
• /ɽ, l/ > /ʈː/
• /ɰ/ > /kː/
• /j/ > /cː/
• /w/ > /kʷː/

Lenition

In leniting environments, the following mutations occur:

• /p/ > /β/
• /t/ > /ɾ/
• /c/ > /j/
• /k/ > /ɰ/
• /kʷ/ > /w/

Palatalization and Labialization

Palatalization and labialization only affect native velar consonants. In such environments, the affected consonants is replaced with its palatal or labiovelar counterpart respectively.

In other words:

• Palatalization:
  • /ŋ/ > /ɲ/
  • /k/ > /c/
  • /ɡ/ > /ɟ/
  • /ɠ/ > /ʄ/
  • /ɰ/ > /j/
• Labialization:
  • /ŋ/ > /ŋʷ/
  • /k/ > /kʷ/
  • /ɡ/ > /ɡʷ/
  • /ɠ/ > /ɠʷ/
  • /ɰ/ > /w/

Morphology

Nouns

Declension

Case in nouns is marked by final vowel:

• -u: Nominative
• -a: Accusative
• -i: Genitive

Case endings are dropped after nouns whose stems end in a long vowel.

A few nouns have long case endings.

With the exception of a few common nouns, plural is marked with the suffix -aar-, inserted between the stem and case ending.

Noun derivation

Various prefixes and suffixes are used to derive nouns.

Derivational prefixes include:

• fo-: for languages - e.g. fòhàřàà "Hara language"
• sa-: for peoples - e.g. sàhàřàà "Hara people"
• me-: for lands - e.g. mèhàřàà "land of the Hara"

Syntax