Hammadhi
Hammadhi (native: حمّاذي /ħamːaːðiː/) is an Indo-Aryan language.
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar/ Palatal | Velar/ Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | م m | ن n | ݧ ñ ɲ | ڹ ŋ | ||||
Stop | voiceless | پ p | ت t t̪ | ٿ t t | ك k | ء ʔ | ||
voiced | ب b | د d d̪ | ڐ d d | ڭ ɡ | ||||
emphatic | ڀ ṗ pˁ | ط ṭ t̪ˁ | ق q | |||||
Affricate | voiceless | چ č tʃ | ||||||
voiced | ج j dʒ | |||||||
Fricative | voiceless | ف f | ث θ | س s | ش š ʃ | خ x χ | ح ḥ ħ | هـ h |
voiced | ذ ð | ز z | غ ğ ʁ | ع ʕ | ||||
emphatic | ص ṣ sˁ | |||||||
Trill | ر r | |||||||
Approximant | ل l | ي y j | و w |
Comments:
¹ Dental stops are laminal, while alveolar stops are apical.
Vowels
Short | Long | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Back | Front | Back | |
Close | بِ i | بُ u | بِي ī iː | بُو ū uː |
Mid | بٖ e | بٗ o | بٖي ē eː | بٗو ō oː |
Open | بَ a | بَا ā aː | ||
Diphthongs | بَوْ au aw; بَيْ ai aj |
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Person | Number | Familiarity | Direct | Oblique | Possessive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | S | Informal | عاڹ ʕāŋ | مي mē | مج majj |
Formal | هم ham | همان hamān | |||
P | Informal | ||||
Formal | بيڹ bēŋ | نو nō | نون nōn | ||
2 | S | Informal | پاڹ pāŋ | تي tē | تج tujj |
Formal | چم čum | چمان čumān | |||
P | Informal | ||||
Formal | جوڹ jūŋ | بو bō | بون bōn | ||
3 | S | Informal | إيڹ ʔēŋ | نين nēn | أچ ʔačč |
Formal | إيح ʔēħ | إيحان ʔēħān | |||
P | Informal | ||||
Formal | إم ʔim | جو jō | جون jōn |
Numerals
# | Cardinal | Ordinal | Fractional |
---|---|---|---|
0 | حݧ ħuññ | حݧم ħuññam | — |
1 | إك ʔekk | پشم pašam | ڀن ṗunn |
2 | بي bē | بيجم bījjam | هڐا haddā |
3 | ٿي tē | ٿيجم tījjam | ٿباغ tibāğ |
4 | صوار ṣawār | صوارم ṣawāram | صوٿ ṣaut |
5 | ڀنز ṗanz | ڀنزم ṗanzam | |
6 | سٿ satt | سٿم sattam | |
7 | حت ħatt | حتم ħattam | |
8 | هٿا hattā | هٿام hattām | |
9 | نو naww | نوم nawwam | |
10 | دح daħ | دحم daħam | |
11 | ياذح yāðaħ | ياذحم yāðaħam | |
12 | باذح bāðaħ | باذحم bāðaħam | |
13 | ٿيذح tēðaħ | ٿيذحم tēðaħam | |
14 | صوڐح ṣaudaħ | صوڐحم ṣaudaħam | |
15 | ڀنڐح ṗandaħ | ڀنڐحم ṗandaħam | |
16 | حولح ħōlaħ | حولحم ħōlaħam | |
17 | حذح ħaððaħ | حذحم ħaððaħam | |
18 | هٿاذح hattāðaħ | هٿاذحم hattāðaħam | |
19 | نوذح nōðaħ | نوذحم nōðaħam | |
20 | بيح bīħ | بيحم bīħam | |
21 | بيحا إك bīħā ʔekk | بيحا إكم bīħā ʔekkam | |
30 | ٿيح tīħ | ٿيحم tīħam | |
40 | صواريح ṣawārīħ | صواريحم ṣawārīħam | |
50 | ڀنزيح ṗanzīħ | ڀنزيحم ṗanzīħam | |
60 | سٿيح sattīħ | سٿيحم sattīħam | |
70 | حتيح ħattīħ | حتيحم ħattīħam | |
80 | هٿائيح hattāʔīħ | هٿائيحم hattāʔīħam | |
90 | نويح nawwīħ | نويحم nawwīħam | |
100 | حو ħaww | حوم ħawwam | |
101 | حو إك ħaww ʔekk | حو إكم ħaww ʔekkam | |
200 | بي حو bē ħaww | بي حوم bē ħawwam | |
1000 | حاچ ħāč | حاچم ħāčam |
Nouns
Verbs
Stems
Tenses
Example verb: lixām "to write"
The verb lixām "to write" is conjugated as follows:
Infinitive | lixām |
---|---|
Present active participle | lixān |
Present passive participle | lixamān |
Past active participle | lixipp |
Past passive participle | lixī |
Person | First | Second | Third | Zeroth |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aorist | lixam | lixaθ | lixat | lixand |
Present active | lixānam | lixānaθ | lixānat | lixānand |
Presentt passive | lixamānam | lixamānaθ | lixamānat | lixamānand |
Past active | lixippam | lixippaθ | lixippat | lixippand |
Past passive | lixiyyam | lixiyyaθ | lixiyyat | lixiyyand |