Voltch

Voltch (native: voalc /vo̯altʃ/) is an Anglic language descended from Old English.

Voltch
voalc
Pronunciation	[vo̯aɫtʃ]
Created by	Shariifka
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic North Sea Germanic Anglo-Frisian Anglic Voltch
Early forms	Proto-Indo-European Proto-Germanic Old English

Introduction

Etymology

From Old English folcisċ "vernacular language".

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants
spelling	IPA		Remarks
spelling	normally	final	Remarks
b	/b/	/p/
ch	/x/
c	/tʃ/
cg	/dʒ/	/tʃ/	Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables.
d	/d/	/t/
f	/f/
g	/ɡ/	/k/
h	/ɦ/	—
j	/j/	—
k	/k/
l	/l/		Pronounced dark/velarized ([ɫ]) word-finally and before consonants.
lj	/ʎ/
m	/m/
n	/n/		Assimilates place of articulation with following consonant.
nj	/ɲ/
ng	/ŋ/
p	/p/
r	/r/
s	/s/
sc	/ʃ/		Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables.
t	/t/
v	/v/	—
w	/v/	/f/
z	/z/	—
zc	/ʒ/	—	Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables.

Vowels and diphthongs
spelling	IPA
spelling	checked	free
a	/ɑ/	/aː/
aa	/aː/	—
ä	/æ/	/ɛː/
ää	/ɛː/	—
aai	/aːi̯/
aau	/aːu̯/
ai	/ɑi̯/
au	/ɑu̯/
e	/ɛ/, /ə/^[1]	/eː/, /ə/^[1]
ea	/e̯a/
ee	/eː/
eei	/eːi̯/
eeu	/eːu̯/
ei	/iː/
i, y	/ɪ/, /ə/^[1]	—
ie	/iə̯/
ij	/ɪi̯~ei̯/
iu	/ɪʊ̯/
o	/ɔ/	/oː/
oa	/o̯a/
oi	/ɔi̯/
oo	/oː/	—
ooi	/oːi̯/
oou	/oːu̯/
ou	/uː/
ö	/œ/	/øː/
öa	/ø̯a/
öö	/øː/
öü	/yː/
u	/ʊ/	/uː/
ue	/uə̯/
ui	/ʊɪ̯/
uu	/ʊu̯~ou̯/
ü	/ʏ/	/yː/
üe	/yə̯/
üü	/ʏy̆~øy̆/

Alphabet

Letter	Name	IPA
A a	a	[ʔaː]
B b	be	[beː]
C c	ce	[tʃʰeː]
D d	de	[deː]
E e	e	[ʔeː]
F f	ef	[ʔɛf]
G g	ge	[ɡeː]
H h	ha	[ɦaː]
I i	ij	[ʔɪi̯]

Letter	Name	IPA
J j	jot	[jɔtʰ]
K k	ka	[kʰaː]
L l	el	[ʔɛɫ]
M m	em	[ʔɛm]
N n	en	[ʔɛn]
O o	o	[ʔoː]
P p	pe	[pʰeː]
Q q	kuu	[kʰʊu̯]
R r	er	[ʔɛɾ]

Letter	Name	IPA
S s	es	[ʔɛs]
T t	te	[tʰeː]
U u	uu	[ʔʊu̯]
V v	ve	[veː]
W w	dobbel ve	[ˈdɔbəɫ veː]
X x	iks	[ʔɪks]
Y y	ɡreike ij	[ˈɡɾiːkə ʔɪi̯]
(IJ ij)	longe ij	[ˈlɔŋə ʔɪi̯]
Z z	zet	[zɛtʰ]

Consonants

Vowels

Historical phonology


Old English	Environment	Voltch	Remarks
Vowels
a	lengthened	a (long), aa
	unstressed	e (schwa)
	otherwise	a (short)
ā	everywhere	uo
æ, ea	lengthened	ä (long), ää
æ, ea	otherwise	ä (short)
ǣ	everywhere	ie
e	lengthened	ea
	unstressed	e (schwa)
	otherwise	e (short)
ē	everywhere	ei
eo	lengthened	öa
eo	otherwise	ö
ēo	everywhere	öü
ēa	everywhere	üe
i, ie	lengthened	e (long), ee
	before h + consonant	e (short)
	otherwise	i
ī, īe	everywhere	ij
o	lengthened	oa
	unstressed	e (schwa)
	otherwise	o (short)
ō	everywhere	ou
u	lengthened	o (long), oo
u	otherwise	u
ū	everywhere	uu
y	lengthened	ö (long), öö
y	otherwise	ü
ȳ	everywhere	üü
Consonants
b		b
c		k
ċ		c
d		d
f	unvoiced	f
f	voiced	v	voiced word-initially, between vowels, and after liquids before vowels.
g		g, ∅
ġ		j
h		h, ch
l		l
m		m
n		n
p		p
r		r
s		s, z
t		t
w		w, ∅

Morphology

Nouns

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns
	Nominative	Accusative	Dative	Possessive	Reflexive
1S	ic	mec	mei	mijn	meizealf
2SI	duu	dec	dei	dijn	deizealf
3SM	hei	heen	him	his	himzealf
3SF	höü	höü	heer	heer	heerzealf
3SN	hit	hit	him	his	himzealf
1D	wit	oonk	oonk	oonker	oonkzealf
2D	jit	jeenk	jeenk	jeenker	jeenkzealf
1P	wei	uus	uus	uur	uuszealf
2P/F	jei	jöü	jöü	jöür	jöüzealf
3P	hij	hij	höm	höar	hömzealf

Demonstratives and Articles

Indefinite article
	Nominative	Accusative	Dative	Genitive
SM	aan	anen	anem	anes
SF	ane	ane	aner	aner
SN	aan	aan	anem	anes

Negative article
	Nominative	Accusative	Dative	Genitive
SM	naan	nanen	nanem	nanes
SF	nane	nane	naner	naner
SN	naan	naan	nanem	nanes
P	nane	nane	nanem	naner

Definitie article and neutral demonstrative
	Nominative	Accusative	Dative	Genitive
SM	dei	dään	diem	däs
SF	döü	döü	dier	dier
SN	dät	dät	diem	däs
P	due	due	duem	duer

Near demonstrative
	Nominative	Accusative	Dative	Genitive
SM	dis	dissen	dissem	disses
SF	disse	disse	disser	disser
SN	dis	dis	dissem	disses
P	disse	disse	dissem	disser

Far demonstrative
Strong declension
	Nominative	Accusative	Dative	Genitive
SM	joan	joanen	joanem	joanes
SF	joane	joane	joaner	joaner
SN	joan	joan	joanem	joanes
P	joane	joane	joanem	joaner
Weak declension
SM	joane	joanen	joanen	joanen
SF	joane	joanen	joanen	joanen
SN	joane	joane	joanen	joanen
P	joanen	joanen	joanem	joanen

Adjectives

Strong adjective declension
	Nominative	Accusative	Dative	Genitive
SM	—	-en	-em	-es
SF	-e	-e	-er	-er
SN	—	—	-em	-es
P	-e	-e	-em	-er

Weak adjective declension
	Nominative	Accusative	Dative	Genitive
SM	-e	-en	-en	-en
SF	-e	-en	-en	-en
SN	-e	-e	-en	-en
P	-en	-en	-em	-en

Numerals

Number	Cardinal	Ordinal
0	nuecht	nuechtede
1	uen	ierste
2	twue	twuede
3	dröü	dridde
4	vöür	vöürde
5	vijf	vijfte
6	zechs	zechste
7	zöaven	zöavede
8	ächt	ächtede
9	nijn	nijde
10	tein	töüde
11	ellöaven	ellöavede
12	twealf	twealfte
13	dröütein	dröütöüde
14	vöürtein	vöürtöüde
15	vijftein	vijftöüde
16	zechstein	zechstöüde
17	zöaventein	zöaventöüde
18	ächtein	ächtöüde
19	nijntein	nijntöüde
20	tweintij	tweintijste
30	drijtij	drijtijste
40	vöürtij	vöürtijste
50	vijftij	vijftijste
60	zechstij	zechstijste
70	zöaventij	zöaventijste
80	ächtij	ächtijste
90	nijntij	nijntijste
100	hundred	hundredste
1000	duuzend	duuzendste

Verbs

Examples of strong verbs

Conjugation of *zeengen* "to sing" (strong class 3)
	Present		Past		Imperative
Infinitive			zeengen
Present participle			zeengend
Past participle			izoongen
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1S	zeenge	zeenge	zaang	zoonge
2SI	zeengst		zaangst		zeeng
3S	zeengt		zaang
P	zeengt	zeengen	zoongen	zoongen	zeengt

Conjugation of *wezen* "to be" (strong irregular)
	Present		Past		Imperative
Infinitive			wezen
Present participle			wezend
Past participle			iböün
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1S	öm	böü	wäs	wiere
2SI	ärt		wäst		böü
3S	is		wäs
P	zind	böün	wieren	wieren	böüt

Conjugation of *doun* "to do" (strong irregular with weak past)
	Present		Past		Imperative
Infinitive			doun
Present participle			dound
Past participle			idoun
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1S	dou	dou	döde	döde
2SI	deist		dödest		dou
3S	deit		döde
P	dout	doun	döden	döden	dout

**Strong irregular - guen "to go"**

Conjugation of *guen* "to go" (strong irregular with weak past)
	Present		Past		Imperative
Infinitive			guen
Present participle			guend
Past participle			iguen
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1S	gue	gue	öüde	öüde
2SI	giest		öüdest		gue
3S	giet		öüde
P	guet	guen	öüden	öüden	guet

Examples of weak verbs

Conjugation of *loven* "to love" (weak regular)
	Present		Past		Imperative
Infinitive			loven
Present participle			lovend
Past participle			iloovd
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1S	love	love	loovde	loovde
2SI	loofst		loovdest		loof
3S	looft		loovde
P	looft	loven	loovden	loovden	looft

Conjugation of *häbben* "to have" (weak irregular)
	Present		Past		Imperative
Infinitive			häbben
Present participle			häbbend
Past participle			ihäd
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1S	häbbe	häbbe	hädde	hädde
2SI	häst		häddest		hääf
3S	hät		hädde
P	häbt	häbben	hädden	hädden	häbt

Conjugation of *zecgen* "to say" (weak irregular)
	Present		Past		Imperative
Infinitive			zecgen
Present participle			zecgend
Past participle			izaaid
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1S	zecge	zecge	zaaide	zaaide
2SI	zaaist		zaaidest		zaai
3S	zaait		zaaide
P	zecget	zecgen	zaaiden	zaaiden	zecget

Conjugation of *libben* "to live" (weak irregular)
	Present		Past		Imperative
Infinitive			libben
Present participle			libbend
Past participle			ilivd
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1S	libbe	libbe	livde	livde
2SI	lööfst		livdest		lööf
3S	lööft		livde
P	libt	libben	livden	livden	libt

Examples of preterite-present verbs

Conjugation of *kunnen* "to be familiar with; to be able to (do)"
	Present		Past		Imperative
Infinitive			kunnen
Present participle			kunnend
Past participle			ikuud
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1S	kan	kunne	kuude	kuude
2SI	kanst		kuudest		kun
3S	kan		kuude
P	kunnen	kunnen	kuuden	kuuden	kunt

Conjugated like kunnen is junnen "to grant, gift".

Conjugation of *willen* "to want; to be going to"
	Present		Past		Imperative
Infinitive			willen
Present participle			willend
Past participle			iwoald
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1S	wil	wille	woalde	woalde
2SI	wilst		woaldest		wil
3S	wil		woalde
P	willen	willen	woalden	woalden	wilt

Conjugation of *scolen* "to must ("
	Present		Past		Imperative
Infinitive			scolen
Present participle			scolend
Past participle			iscoald
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1S	scäl	scöle	scoalde	scoalde
2SI	scälst		scoaldest		scool
3S	scäl		scoalde
P	scolen	scölen	scoalden	scoalden	scoolt

Conjugation of *uegen* "to be able (to)"
	Present		Past		Imperative
Infinitive			uegen
Present participle			uegend
Past participle			juecht
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1S	ueg	uege	uechte	uechte
2SI	uegst		uechtest		ueg
3S	ueg		uechte
P	uegen	uegen	uechten	uechten	uegt

Conjugation of *weten* "to know, to be aware (of)"
	Present		Past		Imperative
Infinitive			weten
Present participle			wetend
Past participle			iwist
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1S	wuet	wete	wiste	wiste
2SI	wuetst		wetest		weet
3S	wuet		wiste
P	weten	weten	wisten	wisten	wet

Conjugation of *inogen* "to be content, to have enough; to enjoy"
	Present		Past		Imperative
Infinitive			inogen
Present participle			inogend
Past participle			inocht
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1S	inäg	inoge	inochte	inochte
2SI	inägst		inochtest		inoog
3S	inäg		inochte
P	inogen	inogen	inochten	inochten	inoogt

Conjugation of *magen* "to succeed (in)"
	Present		Past		Imperative
Infinitive			maain
Present participle			maaind
Past participle			imecht
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1S	maai	maai	mechte	mechte
2SI	maaist		mechtest		maai
3S	maai		mechte
P	maain	maain	mechten	mechten	maait

Conjugation of *dogen* "to be suitable (for)"
	Present		Past		Imperative
Infinitive			dogen
Present participle			dogend
Past participle			idocht
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1S	düeg	döge	dochte	dochte
2SI	düegst		dochtest		doog
3S	düeg		dochte
P	dogen	dögen	dochten	dochten	doogt

Conjugation of *mouten* "to possibly (do), to might"
	Present		Past		Imperative
Infinitive			mouten
Present participle			moutend
Past participle			imoust
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1S	mout	moute	mouste	mouste
2SI	moutst		moustest		mout
3S	mout		mouste
P	mouten	mouten	mousten	mousten	moutet

Syntax

Vocabulary

Time - Tijd

Seasons - *Due jüertijde*
English	Voltch
spring	lengten
summer	zomer
fall	häärvest
winter	weenter

Days of the week - *Due daais of döü weken*
English	Voltch
Sunday	ierstendaai
Monday	twuedendaai
Tuesday	driddendaai
Wednesday	vöürdendaai
Thursday	vijftendaai
Friday	zechstendaai
Saturday	zöavedendaai

Parts of the day - *Due duele of duem daaie*
English	Voltch
day	daai
dawn	dageng
morning	moargen
noon	middaai
afternoon	äftermiddaai
evening	ieven
dusk	nechteng
night	necht
midnight	midnecht

Units of time - *Uenhuedes of tijde*
English	Voltch
second	zekoond
minute	minuute
hour	tijm
day	daai
week	weke
month	mound
season	jüertijd
year	jüer

-->

Time adverbs - *Tijdes bijwoorde*
English	Voltch
now	nuu
then	don
recently, a short time ago, just	zuenuu
earlier	räder
soon, shortly	zoun
later	zijd; läter
always	zemblen
often	often
sometimes	wijlen
rarely	zealden
never	niever
ever	iever
still, yet	jijt
already	ier
today	toudaai
tonight	tounecht
yesterday	jeerstendaai
last night	jeerstennecht
tomorrow	toumoargen
before yesterday	ierjeerstendaai
two nights ago	ierjeerstennecht
after tomorrow	oavermoargen
this week	disse weke
last week	lätste weke
next week	nichste weke

Colours - Düeges

Colours - *Due düeges*
English	Voltch
white	wijt
grey	grij
black	zwäärt
red	rüed
orange	orancge
brown	bruun
yellow	jöale
green	grein
blue	blöü
pink	rueze
purple	poorper
golden	göölden

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Älle men wöardet vröü and ilijc on uere and rechtem iboaren. Glöüscip and touknounes zind him jifted, and hij scolen...

^ ^a ^b ^c ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩, when unstressed, are sometimes pronounced /ə/.

[unstressed-1] ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩, when unstressed, are sometimes pronounced /ə/.

[1]