Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
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Meaning
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Notes
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*[k]°rd°
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a bird of prey
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*KVrdV
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a biting insect
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*CVnCV
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a deictic element
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*nV
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a demonstrative element
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*nV
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a horned animal
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*ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
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a k. of berry
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*mVrV
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a k. of bird
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*[č`w]VHḳV
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a k. of bird
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*CVmV
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a k. of bird
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*CVmV
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a k. of bird
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*HalVḳV
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a k. of bird
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*HalVḳV
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a k. of (aquatic) bird
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*k[i̯a]ma
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a k. of bird *kaNV
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a k. of bird *kaNV
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a k. of bird *ḳUĺV
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a k. of bird *ḳUĺV
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a k. of bird *kVṗV
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a k. of bird *kVṗV
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a k. of bird *kwVtV
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a k. of bird *kwVtV
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a k. of bird *ĺVkĺVkV
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a k. of bird *sVgV
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a k. of bird *SVlwV
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a k. of bird *SVlwV
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a k. of bird *ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
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a k. of bird (gallinacean) *KVwrV
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a k. of bone *c`iŋu
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a k. of cereal *lVnṭV
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a k. of cereal *lVnṭV
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a k. of duck *ṭVḳV
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a k. of duck or hen *ṭVḳV
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a k. of fish *č`VHmV
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a k. of fish *kećä 'k. of fish'
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a k. of fish *kVrV
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a k. of fish *kVrV
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a k. of fish *ńowŋa salmon
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a k. of fruit *mVsV
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a k. of fruit *mVsV
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a k. of gallinacean bird *KVwrV
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a k. of grass *wVĺV
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a k. of grass *wVĺV
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a k. of grass? *cVmV
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a k. of horned animal *mula
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a k. of horned animal *mula
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a k. of insect *či̯ū́ p𝑖̯ū́𝑝a ( ~ -u)
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a k. of insect *KUmV
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a k. of insect *KUmV
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a k. of insect *ḳUṭḳV
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a k. of insect *ḳUṭḳV
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a k. of insect *lVŋV
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a k. of insect *m[a]ŋi
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a k. of insect *mVḳV
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a k. of insect *mVḳV
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a k. of insect *pUḳV
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a k. of insect *pVN(T)V
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a k. of insect *ṗVnǯV
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a k. of insect, louse *ṗVnǯV
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a k. of liquid *c`UtV
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a k. of onion *sUŋV
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a k. of predator *bVrV
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a k. of predator *KVrdV
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a k. of rodent *[xq̇]wĕ[l]ʕǝ́
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a k. of sack *lVmV
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a k. of tree *jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
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a k. of tree *jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
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a k. of tree *kojw[a]
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a k. of tree *NEḳrV
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a k. of tree? *ʔilVmV
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a k. of ungulate *cVHnV ( ~ *c`-)
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a k. of ungulate *CVxnV
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a k. of ungulate *mVnV
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a k. of vessel *ḳVwKV
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a k. of vessel *pVNV
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a k. of water bird (gull?) *sVgV
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a part of leg, foot *lVlV
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a small animal *cwVkV ( ~ čw-)
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a stinging insect *mVwć`wV
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a stinging insect *pUḳV
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all *eli
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all, join *kalV
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an insect *čă k𝑎̆𝑘i 'a k. of insect'
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an insect *mVwcwV
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an internal organ *CV(n)CV
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an ungulate *morV
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angry *jVrV
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animal hair *mVńCV
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animal hair *mVńcV ( ~ -c`-)
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antelope *gujrV
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antelope *gujrV
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arm *gara
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arm *küjnV
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arm *lVlV
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arm, leg *ćVḳV
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armpit *ḳVwVŋV
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army, people *čVbV
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ashes, burn *ṗVdwV; cf. also "Alt. "*pi̯ŏ t𝑖̯𝑜̆𝑡e ( ~ -t-, *pi̯ă t𝑖̯𝑎̆𝑡u) 'light'
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ashes, dirt *ṗVlV
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back *dVgV
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back *gedV
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back *gedV
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back *sVrV
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back *tVbV
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back *tVbV
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back *ʔarV
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back *ʔarV
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back, rear *kuNṭV
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back, side *ṗVŋV
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bad *bVHCV
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bad *ʔVkV
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bad *ʔVkV
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bad, dirty *darV
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bad, dirty *darV
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bad, evil *bVHCV
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bad, harm *sogwV ( ~ š-)
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bark *ḳerV
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bark *ḳerV
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bark *ḲopV
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bark *ḲopV
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bark *ḳuLV
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bark *ḳVrṗV
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bark, cover *ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
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bark, peel *ḳuLV
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bark, skin *ḳVrṗV
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basket *ḳocV
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basket *ḳoćV
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be angry *kwVrV (~ gw)
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be angry *kwVrV (~ gw)
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be destroyed, fall apart *HVŕV
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be full *ḳOṗV
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be full, complete *ḳOṗV
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be ill *lVχV
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be ill *lVχV
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be satiated *HVwV
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be smooth *gVlV
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be visible, see *nVkV
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beat *biχV
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beat *biχV
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beat *ṭoḳV
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beat *ṭoḳV
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beat, break *buṭV
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beat, hit *SUTV
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beat, hit *SUTV
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beat, hit *ṭapħa
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beat, hit *ṭapħa
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bee *ṗVrV
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bee, insect *ṗVrV
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behind, buttock *[šw]VtV
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behind, buttock *SVtV
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belly *wa[n]čV
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belly *wa[n]ʒ́wV
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belly, entrails *gwVlV
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belly, heart *kuŋV
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belly, heart *kuŋV
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belly, intestines *gUtV / *kUtV
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belly, intestines *gUtV / *kUtV
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belly, liver *gwVlV
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belly, stomach *Ḳarbi
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belly, stomach *Ḳarbi
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below *HalV
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below *HalV
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bend *ḳVlV
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bend *ḳVŋV
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bend *ṭoŋV
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berry *mVrV
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big *mVkV
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big *t`VwjV
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big *wol[a]
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big *wol[a]
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big fish *ḳUlV
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big fish *ḳUlV
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big tree *dVnwV
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big tree *dVnwV
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big, full *tVdV
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big, heavy *pVKV
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big, large *mVkV
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big, thick *č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
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big, thick *č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
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big, thick *tVdV
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big, very *ʔVnV
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big, very *ʔVnV
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bile *bišV ( ~ -č`-)
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bind *KuTV
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bind *KVrV
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birch *kojw[a]
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bird *[č`w]VHḳV
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bird *HVwjV
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bird *HVwjV
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bird's tail *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -c`w-)
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bite, chew ? *käjwV (?-b-)
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bite, tear *ḳVCV
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biting insect *CVnCV
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bitter *gVcwV(~-čw-)
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bitter *sVbV
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bitter, gall *bišV ( ~ -č`-)
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bitter, sour *gVcwV(~−č𝑤𝑉(~-čw- )
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black *ḳarV
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black *ḳarV
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black *ʔVbV
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black *ʔVbV
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black, dark *ḳUmV
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black, dark *ḳUmV
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black, dark *mVCHV
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black, dark *nal- 'black'
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black, night *sVrV
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black-cock *ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
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blade, awl *ʔVlV
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blade, whetstone *ʔVlV
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blister, abscess *HVlVḳV
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blister, wound *HVlVḳV
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blood *bUjlV
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blood *bUjlV blood
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blood *ḳVnV blood
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blood *wirV
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blood *ʔVsxV
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blood, blood vessel *ḳVnV
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blood, breath *HwinV
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blood, breath *ʔVsxV
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blood, red *ḳurV
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blood, red *ḳurV blood, red
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blood, spirit *cwVnV spirit; blood
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blood; marrow *mVLV
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blood; red *wirV
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blue *swVNV
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blue *swVNV
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board, stick *ṭVlV
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body *bVdV
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body, belly *bVdV
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boil *borV, *buŕa
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boil *borV, *buŕa
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boil, burn *ḳVju
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bone *girV
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bone *girV
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bone *HV(w)[č`]V
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bone *HV(w)čV
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bone *ḳač`V
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bone *ḳaCV
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bone *ʒ́VmV ? (cf. also *c`iŋu)
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bone, tooth *ṗVjNV
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bone, tooth *ṗVjNV
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bosom *ʔVṗV
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bosom *ʔVṗV
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bovine ? *luwV (*luɣV) 'horse'
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bow *büḲa
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bow, arc *ṭoŋV
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bow, lean *tajV
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brain *mVŋV
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brain *mVŋV
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brain, head *wVṭV(mV)
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brain, marrow; head *wVṭV(mV)
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branch *rVṭV
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branch, rod *rVṭV
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branch, stick *HelV
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branch, twig, rod *šVṭV
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break, chop *cVṗV
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break, split *buṭV
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breast *[c]V(n)ʒwV
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breast *ḳerdV
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breast *ṗome
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breast, belly *ʔudV
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breast, udder *mälgi
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breast, udder *mälgi
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breath, smell *sVwHV
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bright *bVrḳV
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bright *ʔVǯV
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bright *ʔVǯV
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brown *boŕa
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brown *boŕa
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brown, dark *KVŋV
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brown, yellow *KVŋV
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bug, flea *ŋalmV
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build, house *dwVmV
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burn *mūga 'bonfire'
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burn *ṗaĺV
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burn *ṗaĺV
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burn *ṗVrV
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burn *wVrV
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burn *wVrV
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burn, bake *buKV
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burn, boil *t`èmo ( ~ t-) burn, kindle
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burn, fire *qoṭi
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burn, fire *qoṭi
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burn, fire *t`ülV
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burn, hot coals *gUrV
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burn, hot coals *gUrV
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burn, roast *buKV
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burn, roast, dry *ḳVńV
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burn, shine *Cajŋa
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burn, shine *ʒajŋa
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burst *paḳV
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butterfly *ṗVrṗVlV
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butterfly *ṗVrṗVlV
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buy, sell *ṗVrV
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calf *ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
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calf, bull *ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
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cattle; horse *morV
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cave, hole *ḳVjwV
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cave, hole *ḳVjwV
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cheek *ṗVlV
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chest, belly *bUrV
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chest, belly *bUrV
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child *mVḳV
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child, to bear *berV
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child, to bear *berV
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chin *kenV
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chin *kenV (cf. also *kVngV)
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chin, beard *čò k𝑜̀𝑘e ( ~ -i̯u-) 'cheek bone'
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chin, jaw *kVṗV
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chop *cVṗV
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chopped piece, to cut *ḳUṭV (cf. also *ḳVtV)
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clan member *ʔarV
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clay, mud *pVnV
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clay, mud *pVnV
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clothing *ḳa(j)dV
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cloud *bVl(w)V
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cloud *bVl(w)V
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coals, burn *CuxLV
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coals, soot, burn *CuxLV
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cold *[z]VrV
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cold *KurV
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cold *KurV
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cold *SVŋV
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cold *ʒ́VrV
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cold, frost *SVŋV
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come, go; rise *Horä
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coniferous tree *pVnč`wV
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coniferous tree, resin *pVnč`wV
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corner, enclosure ? *ḳVnVṭV
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corner, wall *ḳVnVṭV
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court, enclosure *dwVrV
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cover *ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
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cover, close *ḳaṗV
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cover, close *ḳaṗV
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crane *kar-/*ker-
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crane *kar-/*ker-
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crust *c`VrV
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curved, bent *ḳUrV
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cut *čVḳV ( ~ *č`-)
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cut *ḳUṭV
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cut *ḳVc`V
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cut *kVlV
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cut, sharp *CarV
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dark *HamV
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dark *rVmV
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dark *rVmV
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dark *sVmV
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dark *ṭVmV
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dark *ṭVmV
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dark, black *muṭV dark
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dark, black *mVCHV
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dark, black *sVmV dark
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dark, cloudy *muṭV
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darkness, night *kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
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dawn *gojńV
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dawn, light *gojńV
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dawn, light *lVwŋV
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dawn, noon *lVwŋV
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day, shine *dʷVjɣV
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day, shine *dʷVjɣV
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day, sun, light *ŋera
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decease *ŋVwV
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deer *mVnV
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deer *ʔelV
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deer *ʔelV
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deer, antilope *ʔoru
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deer, he-goat *pOgV
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demonstr. pronoun *mV
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demonstr. pronoun *mV
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demonstr. pronoun *ṭV
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demonstr. pronoun *ṭV
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demonstrative pronoun *ḳV
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demonstrative pronoun *sV
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dew, liquid *rVCV
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die, finish *muṭV
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die, starve *HwelV
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die; kill *nek'-
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dig, hack *ḳVṗV
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direction, road *gwVCV
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direction, road, pass *gwVCV
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dirt *böḳa
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dirt *c`VrV
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dirt *c`VrV
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dirt *kodV
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dirt *kodV
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dirt *lVḳwV
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dirt, earth *magV
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dirt, faeces *[ʒ]VḳV
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dirt, faeces *SVḳV
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dog *KUCV
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dog *ḳVpV
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dog *ḳVpV
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dog *ŋindV
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dog *ŋindV
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dog *ŋVḳV
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dog, wolf *bVrV
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dog, wolf *KUCV
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|
|
dog, wolf *ŋVḳV
|
|
|
dream *CVm(ŋ)V
|
|
|
drink *jVgU
|
|
|
drink, liquid *CUtV
|
|
|
drink, swallow *ʔEmV
|
|
|
drink, water *HVṗV
|
|
|
dry *gwVlV
|
|
|
dry *ḳVjwV(rV)
|
|
|
dry *ḳVjwV(rV)
|
|
|
dry *kVkV
|
|
|
dry *kVk𝑉𝑘V
|
|
|
dry *KVmV
|
|
|
dry *ḳVs(w)V
|
|
|
dry *sušV
|
|
|
dry *śušV dry
|
|
|
dry, burn *gwVlV (cf. also */ḳ/alV)
|
|
|
dung, mud *ḳorV
|
|
|
dust *bur(H)V
|
|
|
dust *bur(H)V
|
|
|
dust, ashes *ṭVṭV
|
|
|
dust, ashes, smoke *ṭVṭV
|
|
|
dust, dirt *böḳa
|
|
|
dwelling *gülV
|
|
|
dwelling *gülV
|
|
|
ear *KVrWV
|
|
|
ear *KVrWV
|
|
|
early *ʔVCV
|
|
|
early *ʔVrV
|
|
|
early *ʔVrV
|
|
|
early, dawn *ʔVcwV
|
|
|
earth *DVG-
|
|
|
earth *DVG-
|
|
|
earth *magV
|
|
|
earth, dust *ṭVŕV
|
|
|
earth, dust *ṭVŕV
|
|
|
eat *tin- 'eat'
|
|
|
eat *UNV
|
|
|
eat, drink *UNV
|
|
|
edge *cimu ( ~ ć-, č-, č`-) top, summit
|
|
|
edge *Hońća
|
|
|
edge *HońcV
|
|
|
edge *mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|
|
edge *ṗerV
|
|
|
edge *PVlV
|
|
|
edge *PVlV (but cf. also *ṗVlV)
|
|
|
edge, side *mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|
|
edge, side *ṗerV
|
|
|
egg *ṭUĺV
|
|
|
egg *ṭUĺV
|
|
|
elbow, forearm *c`VjḳV
|
|
|
elbow, knee *küjnV
|
|
|
elder brother or sister *ʔaḳV
|
|
|
elder brother/sister *eńV
|
|
|
elder male relative, father *ʔVṭV (cf. also *tajV)
|
|
|
elder relative *ʔaḳV
|
|
|
elder relative *ʔVṭV
|
|
|
elm *ʔilVmV
|
|
|
enclosure *gErV
|
|
|
enclosure *gVrdV
|
|
|
enclosure *gVrdV
|
|
|
enclosure *wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
|
|
|
enclosure, yard *dwVrV
|
|
|
enclosure, yard *gErV
|
|
|
end; mouth *[s]UwV
|
|
|
enemy *ḳarV
|
|
|
enemy *ḳarV
|
|
|
evening *SVKV
|
|
|
evening *sVrV
|
|
|
evening *ʒwVṗV
|
|
|
evening, sleep *ʒwVṗV
|
|
|
extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ ś-, š-) extinguish
|
|
|
eye, see *HuḲa
|
|
|
eye, see *HuḲa
|
|
|
eye, see *HwVlV
|
|
|
eyebrow (> eyelid); hair of head *SVmrV
|
|
|
face *mVŋV
|
|
|
face, chin *kVṗV
|
|
|
face, forehead *pVNV
|
|
|
face, head *mVĺV
|
|
|
face, head *mVṭV
|
|
|
face, head *pVNV
|
|
|
face, nose, mouth *mVŋV
|
|
|
face, skin on head *mVṭV
|
|
|
fall *ḳVtV
|
|
|
fall, descend *HewV
|
|
|
fall, descend, disappear *HewV(jV)
|
|
|
far; next *ḳUlV
|
|
|
fart *PV[s]V
|
|
|
fart *PVSV
|
|
|
fat *gwVjV
|
|
|
fat *gwVjV
|
|
|
fat, intestines *sebV ( ~ ś-, š-)
|
|
|
father *aṗV
|
|
|
father *aṗV
|
|
|
feather *ṗVĺV
|
|
|
feather, tail *ṗVĺV
|
|
|
female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
|
|
|
female *ṗenV
|
|
|
female genitalia *mVṭV
|
|
|
female genitalia *mVṭV
|
|
|
female in-law *kälU
|
|
|
female in-law *kälU
|
|
|
female relative *eńV
|
|
|
female relative *mVjNV
|
|
|
female relative *mVjNV
|
|
|
female relative *natV
|
|
|
female relative *natV
|
|
|
fence, enclosure *wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
|
|
|
fight, kill *HwelV
|
|
|
finger *pVrV
|
|
|
finger, claw *č`wVṗV
|
|
|
finger, claw *č`wVṗV
|
|
|
finger, fingernail *pVrV
|
|
|
finger, toe *ḳVrV
|
|
|
fire *CVCxV
|
|
|
fire *dʷVɣV
|
|
|
fire *dʷVɣV
|
|
|
fire *ṗVxwV
|
|
|
fire *ṗVxwV
|
|
|
fire *zVcwxV
|
|
|
fire, burn *HenkV
|
|
|
fire, burn *HenkV
|
|
|
fire, burn *nVjV
|
|
|
fire, burn *ŋera
|
|
|
fire, burn *ṗVrV
|
|
|
fire, burn *ʔumV
|
|
|
fire, burn *ʔumV
|
|
|
fire, to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
|
|
|
fire, warmth *lVmV
|
|
|
first p. pron. *ŋV
|
|
|
first person pronoun *mV
|
|
|
first person pronoun (exclusive?) *ŋV
|
|
|
fish *č`VHmV
|
|
|
fish *dVgV
|
|
|
fish *dVgV
|
|
|
fist *mVǯHV
|
|
|
fist, handle *ṗVnḳV
|
|
|
fist, wrist *kompV
|
|
|
fist; squeeze with a fist, crumple *mVǯHV
|
|
|
flat *lVṗV
|
|
|
flat *lVṗV
|
|
|
flat *ṭaPV
|
|
|
flat *ṭaPV
|
|
|
flat, level *ṗVlHV
|
|
|
flat, level *ṗVlHV
|
|
|
flat, plain *ṭalV
|
|
|
flea *pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
|
|
|
flea *pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
|
|
|
flesh, blood *SVĺV flesh, fat
|
|
|
flesh, fat *c`ebV
|
|
|
flesh, fat *swVĺV
|
|
|
flow *ńVjrV
|
|
|
flow *ńVjrV
|
|
|
flow, gush *bVlV
|
|
|
flow, gush *bVlV
|
|
|
fly *ṗarV
|
|
|
fly *ṗarV
|
|
|
fly, flea *ṗVlV
|
|
|
fly, midge *ṗVlV
|
|
|
fog *musV
|
|
|
food *HVlV
|
|
|
food, eat *HVlV
|
|
|
foolish, deceive *tVlV
|
|
|
foot, knee *bVl(m)V
|
|
|
foot, sole *ṗVHdV
|
|
|
foot, toe *ḳVrV
|
|
|
forest, wilderness *ni̯VnV
|
|
|
four *NVlV
|
|
|
fox *[čw]VlɣV
|
|
|
fox, weasel *[čw]VlɣV
|
|
|
fragile *lVmV
|
|
|
fringe, thread *sVŋV
|
|
|
fringe, thread *śVŋV ( ~ *ć`-)
|
|
|
frog *gwVrV
|
|
|
frog *gwVrV
|
|
|
front *HalV
|
|
|
front *HanṭV
|
|
|
front *HanṭV
|
|
|
front *ʔedV front, breast
|
|
|
front, breast *mVńV
|
|
|
front, breast *mVńV
|
|
|
front, breast *ʔedV
|
|
|
front, nose *newRV
|
|
|
front, outside *HalV
|
|
|
frost, cold *pič`V
|
|
|
frozen snow *čVgV
|
|
|
frozen snow *čVgV
|
|
|
fruit *bVrq̇wV
|
|
|
fruit *bVrq̇wV
|
|
|
full *HVp`V
|
|
|
full *HVPVTV
|
|
|
full *malV
|
|
|
full *ṭVngV
|
|
|
full *ṭVngV
|
|
|
full *tVrV
|
|
|
full, all *wV(n)CV
|
|
|
full, all *wV(n)CV
|
|
|
full, fill *ṭVmV
|
|
|
furrow *HarV
|
|
|
furrow, hoe *HarV
|
|
|
gather, assemble *ṗVrV buy, assemble
|
|
|
genitalia *ḳUṭV
|
|
|
genitalia *ḳUṭV
|
|
|
get in pairs, pair > two *malV
|
|
|
get, obtain *ga
|
|
|
gift, allotment *ajṭV ~ *amṭV
|
|
|
gift, allotment *ajṭV ~ *amṭV
|
|
|
give *ćwVHV
|
|
|
glittering *gi[ɫ]ħu
|
|
|
glittering *gi[ɫ]ħu
|
|
|
glue *[c]VbV
|
|
|
glue, join *ćabV
|
|
|
go astray, fall apart *HVŕV
|
|
|
go, come *HVjV
|
|
|
go, follow *HVjV
|
|
|
goat *ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
|
|
|
goat, deer *ʔoru
|
|
|
goat, ram, deer *pOgV
|
|
|
good *mVlV
|
|
|
good *näḳi
|
|
|
good (of soul) *näḳi
|
|
|
good, big *bVtV
|
|
|
good, fit *dUgV
|
|
|
good, new *wVlV
|
|
|
good, proper *ʔVjV
|
|
|
good, take care *ʔVjsV
|
|
|
goose *ĺVkĺVkV
|
|
|
grain *SVrV
|
|
|
grain *SVrV
|
|
|
grasp *kamV
|
|
|
grasp *kamV
|
|
|
grasp, seize, press *HamV
|
|
|
grass *kuCu
|
|
|
grass, reed *ćVmV
|
|
|
grass, twigs *c`UlV
|
|
|
grass, vegetables *kuč`u
|
|
|
grey *c'VjrV
|
|
|
grey *c'VjrV
|
|
|
grind *nVq̇V
|
|
|
grind *nVq̇V
|
|
|
gum, resin, mud *ṗoŋV
|
|
|
gums *ńVjlV part of face, gums
|
|
|
guts, inside *oŕV
|
|
|
hack *ṭanV
|
|
|
hair *cVḳV
|
|
|
hair *k`VSV
|
|
|
hair *ńä[w(ŋ)]a [cf. *ŋVjV]
|
|
|
hair *ńä[w(ŋ)]a [cf. *ŋVjV]
|
|
|
hair *nVwrV
|
|
|
hair *nVwrV
|
|
|
hair *ŋVjV
|
|
|
hair *p`un(́)V
|
|
|
hair *p`un(́)V
|
|
|
hair *pUdV
|
|
|
hair *sVHrV
|
|
|
hair *sVHrV
|
|
|
hair *ṭVrV
|
|
|
hair *ṭVrV
|
|
|
hair *k`VSV
|
|
|
hair, beard *Ḳila
|
|
|
hair, eyebrow *burV
|
|
|
hair, feather *pUdV (*HapUdV)
|
|
|
hair, hair of head *burV
|
|
|
hair, head *q̇irV
|
|
|
hair, rope *ŋVjV
|
|
|
hair, stalk *Ḳila
|
|
|
hair, tail *sVPV
|
|
|
half, part *palV
|
|
|
hand *mVńV ( / *mVń-rV?)
|
|
|
hand *mVńV ( / *mVń-rV?)
|
|
|
hand(ful) *kompV
|
|
|
hand, arm *bVgu
|
|
|
hand, arm *udV
|
|
|
hand, bone *ŋVlV
|
|
|
hand, elbow *ŋVlV
|
|
|
hand, fist *ṗVnḳV
|
|
|
hand, limb *udV
|
|
|
hard *ḳVmV
|
|
|
hard, bone *ḳVmV
|
|
|
hard, firm *pVKV
|
|
|
harm, deceive *sogwV ( ~ š-)
|
|
|
harsh, ragged *c`VrV
|
|
|
head *q̇irV
|
|
|
head, back of head *ḳapV
|
|
|
hear *sVmV
|
|
|
hear *SVmV
|
|
|
hear, ear *ḳiwlV
|
|
|
hear, ear *me- 'hear; ear'
|
|
|
heart *sVʎV(mV)
|
|
|
heart *śVʎV(mV)
|
|
|
heart, breast *ḳerdV
|
|
|
heat *[H]indV
|
|
|
heavy, labour *mVnḳV
|
|
|
herd *cVčV
|
|
|
high *berg[i]
|
|
|
high *berg[i]
|
|
|
high *TVGV
|
|
|
hill *tujpV
|
|
|
hill, rock *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)
|
|
|
hill, top *tujpV
|
|
|
hit *wVdV
|
|
|
hit *wVdV
|
|
|
hole *HangV (cf. also *wonkV)
|
|
|
hole *k`VCV
|
|
|
hole *ḳUrV
|
|
|
hole *wonkV
|
|
|
hole, cavity *ḳVwVŋV
|
|
|
hole, empty *gop`a
|
|
|
hole, empty *gop`a
|
|
|
hole, mouth *k`VCV
|
|
|
hole, vulva *p`u[ṭ]V
|
|
|
hollow *HVlwV
|
|
|
hollow, cavity *HVlwV
|
|
|
hoof *ḳäṗV
|
|
|
hoof *ḳäṗV
|
|
|
hoof *sUdV
|
|
|
hoof *ṭUṗV
|
|
|
hoof, finger(nail) *ṭUṗV hoof
|
|
|
hoof, hoof deformation *c`UdV
|
|
|
horn *ḳirV
|
|
|
horn *mVrgV
|
|
|
horn; root *mVrgV
|
|
|
horned animal *bVrV
|
|
|
horned animal *bVrV
|
|
|
hot, warm *ṗäḳV
|
|
|
house *pVrV
|
|
|
house *ʔU[ṭ]V
|
|
|
house, village *ḳojmV village, hut
|
|
|
humid, wet *mVk`V
|
|
|
I, myself *ʔVkV (*ʔVgV)
|
|
|
I, myself; we [first p. pronoun] *ʔVkV (*ʔVgV)
|
|
|
I, we [first p. pronoun] *mV
|
|
|
ice, cold *jVkV
|
|
|
ice, cold *jVkV
|
|
|
ill, die *m[ä]rV
|
|
|
ill, die *m[ä]rV
|
|
|
insect, vermine *tVkV
|
|
|
insect, vermine *tVkV
|
|
|
insect, worm *ḳwVŋV
|
|
|
insect, worm *lVŋV
|
|
|
inside, stomach *ʔudV
|
|
|
interrog. or relat. pronoun *ŋiV
|
|
|
interrog. or relative pronoun *ŋiV
|
|
|
interrogative pronoun *ḳV
|
|
|
interrogative pronoun *mV
|
|
|
intestine *[c']VlV
|
|
|
intestine *ć'VlV
|
|
|
intestine *ḳUʒwV
|
|
|
intestines *ḳUʒ́wV
|
|
|
intestines *ḳVmV stomach, intestines
|
|
|
intestines *lVŋ(d)V
|
|
|
intestines *oŕV
|
|
|
jaw, palate *ʔVŋV
|
|
|
jaw, palate *ʔVŋV
|
|
|
joint, limb *bVgu
|
|
|
joy *bVjV
|
|
|
joy, desire *bVjV
|
|
|
juice, ferment *sVḳV ( ~ š-)
|
|
|
jump, run *lVKV
|
|
|
kidney, heart *lVŋ(d)V
|
|
|
kill *KolV
|
|
|
kill *ḳVwχV
|
|
|
knee *bVl(m)V
|
|
|
knee, ankle *sVnV
|
|
|
knife, cut, break *kUŋ[d]V
|
|
|
know *ṭanV
|
|
|
know, hear *ṭanV (?*-ŋ-) know
|
|
|
know, name *nerV
|
|
|
large fish *lVmbV
|
|
|
large predator *zīwe(ŋkV)
|
|
|
large predator *zīwe(ŋkV)
|
|
|
large, heavy *sUrV
|
|
|
large, heavy *sUrV
|
|
|
laugh *gUlV
|
|
|
laugh, merry *gUlV
|
|
|
leaf *bolV
|
|
|
leaf *bolV
|
|
|
leaf *lVṗV
|
|
|
leaf tree *ṗVlV
|
|
|
leaf tree *ṗVlV
|
|
|
leaf, bark *lVṗV
|
|
|
leaf, branch *HelV
|
|
|
leaf, flower *pòŋa ( ~ *p`-) 'bud'
|
|
|
leaf; reed? *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
|
|
|
leg *ɫaḳV
|
|
|
leg *ɫaḳV
|
|
|
leg, arm *ḳVwlV
|
|
|
leg, limb *ḳVwlV
|
|
|
level ground *ṭalV
|
|
|
lick *laḳV
|
|
|
lick *laḳV
|
|
|
lick *lašV
|
|
|
lick *lašV
|
|
|
lick, drink *talV
|
|
|
lie *ḳVwjV
|
|
|
light, burn *Howri
|
|
|
light, burn *Howri
|
|
|
light, loose *SulV
|
|
|
light, shine *HVlV
|
|
|
light, shine *HVlV
|
|
|
light, shine *jVḳV
|
|
|
light, shine *jVḳV
|
|
|
light, shine *mVlV
|
|
|
limb *ṗVHdV
|
|
|
lip, soft excrescence *kanpV
|
|
|
lip, soft excrescence *kanpV
|
|
|
liquid *GurV
|
|
|
liquid *GurV
|
|
|
liquid *lVṭV
|
|
|
liquid *lVṭV
|
|
|
liquid *sVwV
|
|
|
liquid *śVwV
|
|
|
liquid, dirt *lVḳwV
|
|
|
liquid, flow *L[ä]jV
|
|
|
liver *pi̯ā̀ki liver
|
|
|
liver *ponta
|
|
|
liver, belly *tVrV(ŋV)
|
|
|
liver, intestines *mVLV blood, marrow
|
|
|
lizard, slug *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
|
|
|
lizard, worm *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
|
|
|
loins, groin *zVmV
|
|
|
long *tel(ḥ)V
|
|
|
long *tel(ḥ)V
|
|
|
long bone *śVnV
|
|
|
long hair, tail *[s]VPV
|
|
|
long, far *ḳUlV
|
|
|
long, high *HVgU
|
|
|
long, wide *wVŕV
|
|
|
long, wide *wVŕV
|
|
|
loose *SulV
|
|
|
loose(n) *lVCV
|
|
|
louse *pVN(T)V
|
|
|
louse *ṭäjV
|
|
|
louse *ṭäjV
|
|
|
louse, nit *ñejV
|
|
|
love, good *ʔVjV
|
|
|
luminary *mVnzV
|
|
|
luminary *mVnʒ́V
|
|
|
lung, liver *pVjLV
|
|
|
lung, spleen *pVjLV
|
|
|
male *gVntV
|
|
|
male *gVntV
|
|
|
male, male child *mVḳV
|
|
|
man *ḳaćV ( ~ -ć`-)
|
|
|
man *mänV
|
|
|
man *mänV
|
|
|
many *m[o]nV
|
|
|
many *m[o]nV
|
|
|
many *ṗalV
|
|
|
many *ṗV(H)-
|
|
|
many, big *bVtV
|
|
|
many, full *ṗalV
|
|
|
marsh *[sw]VjmV
|
|
|
marsh, uncultivated land *[sw]VjmV
|
|
|
marten *ḳ[u]nV
|
|
|
marten *ḳ[u]nV
|
|
|
meat *ńVḳV(rV)
|
|
|
meat *sUḳV
|
|
|
meat *ʔomsV
|
|
|
meat *ʔomśV
|
|
|
meat, animal *cVč𝑉čV
|
|
|
meat, deer *sUḳV
|
|
|
meat, liver *mVḳV
|
|
|
meat, liver *mVḳV
|
|
|
meat, roe, intestines *ńVḳV(rV)
|
|
|
member of the clan *ʔarV
|
|
|
moisture *mVtV
|
|
|
moisture *mVtV
|
|
|
moon, heavenly body *ṭVlgV(nV)
|
|
|
moon, luminary *ṭVlgV(nV)
|
|
|
morning *ṗuKdV
|
|
|
morning / evening *HamV
|
|
|
morning ~ evening *SVKV
|
|
|
morning, clear sky *ŋańV
|
|
|
moth *kuńV
|
|
|
mother *ʔVjV
|
|
|
mother *ʔVjV
|
|
|
mother *ʔVmV
|
|
|
mother, woman *ʔVmV
|
|
|
mountain *balV
|
|
|
mountain *malV
|
|
|
mountain *malV
|
|
|
mountain *wVrV
|
|
|
mountain *wVrV
|
|
|
mountain, high *TVGV
|
|
|
mountain, hill *balV
|
|
|
mountain, hill *gʷVrV
|
|
|
mountain, hill *gʷVrV
|
|
|
mountain, top *ṗVrV
|
|
|
mountain, top *ṗVrV
|
|
|
mouse *cVḳV ( ~ *c`-)
|
|
|
mouse, squirrel *CVḳV (cf. also *cwVkV ( ~ čw-))
|
|
|
mouse, squirrel *gʷVĺV
|
|
|
mouth *[s]UwV
|
|
|
mouth, hole *HVwV
|
|
|
mouth, hole *HVwV
|
|
|
mouth; eat *č`VmV
|
|
|
mouth; speak *ʔVpV
|
|
|
mouth; to speak *ʔVpV
|
|
|
mud, dung *ḳorV
|
|
|
mud; gum, resin *ṗoŋV
|
|
|
multitude; be satiated *HVwV
|
|
|
mushroom, fungus *pUtV
|
|
|
mushroom, sponge *pUtV
|
|
|
naked, take off clothes *luku
|
|
|
name *ĺVm(ŋ)V
|
|
|
name *ĺVm(ŋ)V
|
|
|
name *ṗVtV
|
|
|
name, call *ṗVtV
|
|
|
name, shape *šamV
|
|
|
nape, back *[s]VKV
|
|
|
nape, back *śVKV
|
|
|
nape; back *dVgV
|
|
|
narrow *č`VnV
|
|
|
narrow *ṭijV
|
|
|
narrow, thin *č`VnV
|
|
|
near *ʔVbV
|
|
|
neck *ḳVlV
|
|
|
neck, collar *kVŋkV
|
|
|
neck, throat *HVŋV
|
|
|
neck, throat *ḳVlV
|
|
|
neck, vertebra *nVKV
|
|
|
negative particle *ʔVlV
|
|
|
negative particle *ʔVlV
|
|
|
negative verb *ʔe
|
|
|
new *žVjŋV
|
|
|
new, fresh *CVrV
|
|
|
new, good *žVjŋV
|
|
|
new, young *CVrV
|
|
|
new, young *wVlV
|
|
|
night *HUdV
|
|
|
night *kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
|
|
|
night *lVlV
|
|
|
night *lVlV
|
|
|
night, dawn *ŋańV 'morning, clear sky'
|
|
|
night, sleep *HUdV
|
|
|
night, sleep *zVNV
|
|
|
night, sleep *ʒ́iNV
|
|
|
night, sleep *ʔamV
|
|
|
nit *ñejV
|
|
|
nit, louse *sajrV
|
|
|
nit, louse *sajrV ( ~ *ś-)
|
|
|
nose *ḳVŋV
|
|
|
nose *ḳVŋV
|
|
|
nose *ne(H)wRV
|
|
|
nose *ŋVkCV
|
|
|
nose *wiKV (*ujKV)
|
|
|
nose *wiKV (*ujKV)
|
|
|
nose, nostril *CVxrV
|
|
|
nose, nostril *cwVxrV
|
|
|
not *ʔVnV
|
|
|
not, negative particle *ʔVnV
|
|
|
not, negative verb *ʔe
|
|
|
notch, sign *gVrVbV
|
|
|
now; new *nVwV
|
|
|
now; new *nVwV
|
|
|
numerous, full *tVrV
|
|
|
nut, fruit *ar- 'nut'
|
|
|
old *gwVrV
|
|
|
old *gwVrV
|
|
|
old *zVr(d)V
|
|
|
one *sem-
|
|
|
one *ʔUdV
|
|
|
one *ʔUdV
|
|
|
one *ʔVrV
|
|
|
one *ʔVrV
|
|
|
one, finger *dwV(j)ḳV
|
|
|
one, finger (?) *dwV(j)ḳV
|
|
|
one, self *ʔo(ŋ)nV
|
|
|
onion, odorous grass *sUŋV
|
|
|
open *ṗan[c]V
|
|
|
open space *ʔVrHV
|
|
|
open space *ʔVrHV
|
|
|
open, hole *HangV
|
|
|
open; hole *ʔaḳa
|
|
|
order, custom *nerV
|
|
|
original place *ni̯VnV
|
|
|
other *aĺV other side
|
|
|
other *gUjV
|
|
|
other *gwVjV
|
|
|
pain, wound *mVnḳV
|
|
|
painful state, grief *gilV
|
|
|
painful state, grief *gilV
|
|
|
pair, one of a pair *gagtV
|
|
|
palate, tongue *ŋVnV
|
|
|
palate, tongue *ŋVnV
|
|
|
palm *caʷlǝʒǝ- hand, Nivgh. *cälmǝ palm
|
|
|
palm (of hand) *ṗVlŋV
|
|
|
palm of hand, handful *ṗVlŋV
|
|
|
part of face *ńVjlV
|
|
|
part of nose *ŋVk[čw]V
|
|
|
part of nose *t`ā́nV ( ~ -ē-) (?) part of nose
|
|
|
part of shoulder *čVKV
|
|
|
part of shoulder, joint *čVKV
|
|
|
paw, grasp *gEpSV
|
|
|
paw, hand *gEpčwV
|
|
|
peg, nail *ɣoŋɣV
|
|
|
peg, nail *ḳUjḳV peg, nail (cf. also *kikV 'bite', *ḳVkV 'break, peck')
|
|
|
peg, root *ḳUjḳV
|
|
|
penis *bVĺV
|
|
|
penis *bVĺV
|
|
|
penis *ṗacV ( ~ -c`-, -č-)
|
|
|
penis *ṗaćV ( ~ -ć`-, -č-) (cf. also *pVjcV ( ~ -č-))
|
|
|
people, army *čVbV
|
|
|
place *baja
|
|
|
place *baja
|
|
|
pleasure, satisfaction *ṭVrṗV
|
|
|
plenty, abundant *malV
|
|
|
pond *küɫä
|
|
|
pond *küɫä
|
|
|
pool, low ground *laḳwV
|
|
|
pool, low ground *laḳwV
|
|
|
pot *ṗVdV
|
|
|
pot *ṗVdV
|
|
|
pot *pVNV
|
|
|
pray *mVlV
|
|
|
prohibitive / negative particle *ma
|
|
|
prohibitive particle, not *ma
|
|
|
pus, rot *[č]iru
|
|
|
pus, rot *Ciru
|
|
|
push, move *ńukV
|
|
|
quick *ṭurV
|
|
|
quick *ṭurV
|
|
|
quick, swift *pV[ṭ]V
|
|
|
rain, fog, steam *musV
|
|
|
rain, pour *HVrćV ( ~ -ć`-) (cf. also *rVCV)
|
|
|
rare *HVrV
|
|
|
rare, new *HVrV rare
|
|
|
reed *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
|
|
|
relative-in-law *tajV
|
|
|
ring, hook *ḳVCV (also *kVCV)
|
|
|
ring, spool *ḳVč`V
|
|
|
rise *ŋwVkV
|
|
|
rise, stand up *HVgU
|
|
|
rise, up *ʔVpV
|
|
|
rise, up *ʔVpV
|
|
|
road *ʔur(H)V
|
|
|
road *ʔur(H)V
|
|
|
road, walk *mVrV
|
|
|
rod, strap *lVgV
|
|
|
rod, strap *lVgV
|
|
|
roe; inside *t`VrV(ŋV)
|
|
|
root, bone (?) *tV(H)mV
|
|
|
root, bone (??) *tV(H)mV root, bone
|
|
|
root, herb *wVr[t]V
|
|
|
root, herb *wVr[t]V
|
|
|
root, seed > settlement *aHulV
|
|
|
root, sprout *ḲurV
|
|
|
root, stalk *ḲurV
|
|
|
rope, thread *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
|
|
|
round *ḳoĺV
|
|
|
round *ḳoĺV
|
|
|
round *ṭompV
|
|
|
round, convex *ṭompV
|
|
|
rump, buttocks *kuNṭV
|
|
|
rump, neck *nVKV
|
|
|
run *bok[a]
|
|
|
run *bok[a]
|
|
|
run, drive *ʔurKV
|
|
|
sack, bag *lVmV
|
|
|
salt *CalV
|
|
|
salt, bitter *sVbV
|
|
|
salt, sea *čwalV
|
|
|
salty, sour *č`VmV
|
|
|
salty, sour *cwVwVrV
|
|
|
sand *ki[ǯ]V
|
|
|
sand *kiCV
|
|
|
satisfaction *ṭVrṗV
|
|
|
say *tVHV
|
|
|
say, call *wVḳV
|
|
|
say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
|
|
|
say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
|
|
|
scab *pVkV
|
|
|
scatter, sift *ś(w)VcwV
|
|
|
scrape, scraper *ḳwVnCV
|
|
|
scrape, scraper *ḳwVncwV
|
|
|
scratch *wVrcwV
|
|
|
scratch, scrape *ḳVSV
|
|
|
scratch, scrape *wVrcwV
|
|
|
sea *jamV
|
|
|
sea, shallow *sVjɣwV
|
|
|
sea, water *jamV
|
|
|
sea, water *sVjɣwV
|
|
|
second person pronoun *χwV
|
|
|
second person pronoun, thou *nV
|
|
|
second person pronoun, thou *si
|
|
|
second person pronoun, thou *ṭ[u]
|
|
|
see, eye *ʔVnjV
|
|
|
seed, kin *ṗVrV
|
|
|
seed, kin *ṗVrV
|
|
|
seed; to sift *sVjHV
|
|
|
seize *HamV
|
|
|
self *ʔo(ŋ)nV
|
|
|
separate, split *bedV
|
|
|
settlement *aHulV
|
|
|
settlement *palVHV
|
|
|
settlement *palVHV
|
|
|
shape *šamV
|
|
|
sharp *Hoḳi
|
|
|
sharp object *CVNV
|
|
|
sharp point, tooth *Hoḳi
|
|
|
sharp stick *c`iĺV
|
|
|
sharp stick *c`iĺV
|
|
|
sharp, to whet *pVxwV
|
|
|
sharp, to whet *pVxwV
|
|
|
shell *kV(n)ḳV
|
|
|
shell, bark *kV(n)ḳV
|
|
|
shin, shank *ḳVnčV
|
|
|
shin, thigh *ḳVnčV
|
|
|
shine, bright *bVrḳV
|
|
|
shine, burn *mVlV
|
|
|
shine, burn (several roots?) *belV
|
|
|
shine, glitter *belV
|
|
|
shine, glitter *laṗV
|
|
|
shine, light *bVɣV
|
|
|
shine, light *bVɣV
|
|
|
shine; burn *leuk-
|
|
|
shoulder *tVlV
|
|
|
shoulder, arm *tVlV
|
|
|
shoulder, shoulder-blade *ṗVŋV
|
|
|
shout *rewǝ- shout, roar
|
|
|
show, point at *tVjḳV
|
|
|
sick, ill *ēco ( ~ -ć-, -č-)
|
|
|
side *bVḳV
|
|
|
side (of body) *bVḳV
|
|
|
sinew; root *SirV
|
|
|
sinew; root *SirV
|
|
|
single, first *sVnV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
|
|
|
single; apart, asunder *sVnV ( ~ š-, c`-)
|
|
|
sister, woman? *SäwCV
|
|
|
sister, woman? *SäwCV
|
|
|
skin *ḲaĺV
|
|
|
skin *ḲaĺV
|
|
|
skin *perV
|
|
|
skin *perV
|
|
|
skin *ṗVtV
|
|
|
skin *ṗVtV
|
|
|
skin *ṭVlV
|
|
|
skin *ṭVlV
|
|
|
skin, bark *pVkV
|
|
|
skin, crust, peel *kamV
|
|
|
skin, hair *ṭVwq̇V
|
|
|
skin, hair on body *ṭVwq̇V
|
|
|
skin, husk *kamV
|
|
|
skull *ḳapV
|
|
|
sky, cloud *HaḳumV
|
|
|
sky, cloud *HaḳumV
|
|
|
slanting *kVCV
|
|
|
sleep *ʔamV
|
|
|
slide, creep *[ʒ]VlV
|
|
|
slime *SVlV
|
|
|
slime, dirt *SVlV
|
|
|
small *cVḳV
|
|
|
small *CVḳV
|
|
|
small *ḳVṭV
|
|
|
small *ṭijV
|
|
|
small bird *ciṗV
|
|
|
small bird *ciṗV
|
|
|
small female animal *ṗenV
|
|
|
small, thin, short *ṭVnV
|
|
|
small, young *ḳVṭV
|
|
|
small. child *pVwjV
|
|
|
small. child *pVwjV
|
|
|
smear *cwVHmV
|
|
|
smear, fat *mVjrV
|
|
|
smear, fat *mVjrV
|
|
|
smear; fat *ć`ämV
|
|
|
smell *[s]VwHV
|
|
|
smell *ṗunV
|
|
|
smell *sun(g)V
|
|
|
smell *śun(g)V
|
|
|
smell, breathe, smoke *ṗunV
|
|
|
smile *mUc`V ( ~ -s-)
|
|
|
smoke *ǯun[k]V
|
|
|
smoke *ǯun[k]V
|
|
|
smoke, cloud *nVbV
|
|
|
smoke, cloud *nVbV
|
|
|
smooth *gVlV
|
|
|
smth. sharp *CVNV
|
|
|
snake *nētr- 'snake'
|
|
|
snake *ṗVjmV
|
|
|
snake *ʔanKV
|
|
|
snake *ʔanKV
|
|
|
snake, eel *lVmbV
|
|
|
soft, fragile *lVmV
|
|
|
soft, mild *mVlV
|
|
|
soft, weak *lVjńV
|
|
|
soft, wet *LVṗV
|
|
|
soft, wet *LVṗV
|
|
|
soul, breath *mùsi 'steam, spirit'
|
|
|
sour *CVwVrV
|
|
|
sour, bitter *č`VmV
|
|
|
sour, ferment *sVḳV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
|
|
|
span *ṭVgV
|
|
|
span *ṭVgV
|
|
|
speak, say, sound *jVnV
|
|
|
speak, sound *jVnV
|
|
|
spin, twist *ṗuNV
|
|
|
spin, twist *ṗuNV
|
|
|
spirit *cwVnV
|
|
|
spit *ṭupV
|
|
|
spit *ṭupV
|
|
|
spit, fang *ḳiwHV
|
|
|
spit, fang *ḳiwHV
|
|
|
spleen *lVṗV
|
|
|
spleen *lVṗV
|
|
|
spleen *tV(H)ʎV
|
|
|
spleen, liver *tV(H)ʎV
|
|
|
split *cVlV
|
|
|
split, tear off *CVlV
|
|
|
spread *ṗVrjV
|
|
|
spread, extend *CVχrV
|
|
|
spread, long *pVdV
|
|
|
spring *PVnV
|
|
|
spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
|
|
|
spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
|
|
|
sprinkle *p`iSV
|
|
|
sprinkle *p`isV
|
|
|
stalk *kanVbV
|
|
|
stalk, peg *kanVbV
|
|
|
stand *čwVrV
|
|
|
star *dVštV
|
|
|
star, luminary *HVzwVrV
|
|
|
star, moon *dV[š]tV
|
|
|
star, shine *HVźVrV
|
|
|
stem, board *ṭVlV
|
|
|
steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
|
|
|
steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
|
|
|
stick *bVč`V
|
|
|
stick *ḳVlV
|
|
|
stick *ḳVlV
|
|
|
stick into, pierce *bedV
|
|
|
stick, pole *bVč`V
|
|
|
stick, tree *ḳUrV
|
|
|
stick, tree *ḳUrV
|
|
|
stomach, intestines *ḳVmV
|
|
|
stone *ḳElV
|
|
|
stone *kiwV
|
|
|
stone *ṭ/aj/lV
|
|
|
stone *ṭ/aj/lV
|
|
|
stone, hill *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)
|
|
|
stone, mountain *kiwV
|
|
|
stone, rock *ḳElV
|
|
|
storm *burV ( >> *p-)
|
|
|
storm *burV ( >> *p-)
|
|
|
stream, flow of water *Huwa
|
|
|
stream, flow of water *Huwa
|
|
|
stump *ṭumgV
|
|
|
stump, trunk *ṭumgV
|
|
|
suck *SUṗV
|
|
|
suck *zUkV
|
|
|
suck, swallow *muḳV swallow, gobble
|
|
|
sufficient, complete *eli
|
|
|
sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
|
|
|
sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
|
|
|
sun, day *daŋ 'dawn'; *tianta 'sun'
|
|
|
swamp *laHm[u]
|
|
|
swamp *laHm[u]
|
|
|
sweep *šwxVjṗV
|
|
|
sweet *cwVtu
|
|
|
sweet, tasty *cwVtu
|
|
|
tail *ḳudV
|
|
|
tail *ḳudV
|
|
|
tail *toḳE
|
|
|
tail *toḳE
|
|
|
tail, (long) hair *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -ćw−,−č𝑤-,-čw-, -ǯ-)
|
|
|
tail, back *śVrV back
|
|
|
take *ga
|
|
|
take *ʔanV
|
|
|
take, bring *gerV
|
|
|
take, bring *tVKV
|
|
|
take, carry *ʔVpV
|
|
|
take, get *gVṭV
|
|
|
take, grasp *kantV
|
|
|
take, seize *ʔVpV
|
|
|
taste *ṭVHmV
|
|
|
taste *xamV, *xamŋV; *xamŋV 'mouth'
|
|
|
temple, hair on temple *cVḳV
|
|
|
ten, many *ṗV(H)-
|
|
|
tent *ʔU[ṭ]V
|
|
|
testicle *ḳoĺV
|
|
|
testiculus *ḳoĺV
|
|
|
that, that near *ʔVbV
|
|
|
that, this *ʔa (*ʔe)
|
|
|
that, this *ʔu
|
|
|
that, this *ʔu
|
|
|
that, this *ʔa (*ʔe) (prob. *Ha that, *He this)
|
|
|
thick *ṭujV (*ṭVwjV)
|
|
|
thick *ṭVkV
|
|
|
thick, full *ṭVkV
|
|
|
thick, swell *bongä
|
|
|
thick, swell *bongä
|
|
|
thigh *bVgtV
|
|
|
thigh *bVgtV
|
|
|
thigh, leg *ṗVǯkV
|
|
|
thigh, rump *ṗVǯkV
|
|
|
thin *cUṗV
|
|
|
thin *ṭVnV
|
|
|
thin, narrow *ćUṗV
|
|
|
thing *HVdV
|
|
|
thing; interrog. stem *HVdV
|
|
|
third person pronoun *sV
|
|
|
this *cV ( ~ č-)
|
|
|
this *cV ( ~ č-, ć-)
|
|
|
this *ḳV
|
|
|
this *ʔi (*hi)
|
|
|
this *ʔi (*hi)
|
|
|
thorn *ʒwVgV
|
|
|
thorn *ʒ́wVgV
|
|
|
thorny bush *NEḳrV
|
|
|
thou (obl. forms?) [second p. pronoun] *χwV
|
|
|
thou [second p. pronoun] *nV thou
|
|
|
thou [second p. pronoun] *ṭ[u]
|
|
|
throat *HVŋV
|
|
|
throat, intestines *kUṭV
|
|
|
throat, swallow *kUlV
|
|
|
throat, to swallow *kUlV
|
|
|
tickle *cVḳV
|
|
|
tie, weave *tVḳV
|
|
|
tip, spout *CVCV
|
|
|
tip, spout *čVčV
|
|
|
to approach, follow *ŋāńi
|
|
|
to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
|
|
|
to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
|
|
|
to bare teeth *mUCV
|
|
|
to be *buHi
|
|
|
to be *woɣlV
|
|
|
to be *woɣlV
|
|
|
to be *ʔa
|
|
|
to be *ʔa
|
|
|
to be *ʔesA
|
|
|
to be *ʔesA
|
|
|
to be angry *kVCV
|
|
|
to be angry, hostile *kVCV
|
|
|
to be completed, exhausted *ṭVkV
|
|
|
to be lost, exhausted *ṭVkV
|
|
|
to be mad, stupid *buḳV
|
|
|
to be visible *HwVlV
|
|
|
to be well *c`olHV
|
|
|
to be well *ColHV
|
|
|
to be, live *ʔelA
|
|
|
to be, live *ʔelA
|
|
|
to bear *š[e]wV
|
|
|
to bear *š[e]wV
|
|
|
to bear *ṭVlV
|
|
|
to bear, lift *ṭVlV
|
|
|
to beat *ṗVṭV
|
|
|
to beat *ṗVṭV
|
|
|
to beat, hit *ḳVwχV
|
|
|
to bend *büḲa
|
|
|
to bend *cVḳV
|
|
|
to bend *Garḳu
|
|
|
to bend *Garḳu
|
|
|
to bend *guḳa
|
|
|
to bend *guḳa
|
|
|
to bend *güpA
|
|
|
to bend *ḳVlV
|
|
|
to bend *ḳVŋV
|
|
|
to bend *ɫoŋḳa
|
|
|
to bend, bow *ɫoŋḳa
|
|
|
to bend, turn *KUrV
|
|
|
to bend; hump, heap *güpA
|
|
|
to bind, girdle *KuTV
|
|
|
to bind, harness *taxlwV
|
|
|
to bite *kikV
|
|
|
to bite, taste *ṭVHmV
|
|
|
to blink, shine, shade *c`ajV
|
|
|
to blink, shine, shade *CajV
|
|
|
to blow *dVwɣV
|
|
|
to blow *p`uSV
|
|
|
to blow *p`uSV
|
|
|
to blow *ṗuɣV
|
|
|
to blow *ṗuɣV
|
|
|
to blow, shake *dVwɣV
|
|
|
to blow, winnow *Hewa
|
|
|
to blow, winnow *Hewa
|
|
|
to boil, foam *ḳüpä
|
|
|
to boil, foam *ḳüpä
|
|
|
to boil, roast *gVbV
|
|
|
to bore, dig *lUŋ(k)V
|
|
|
to bow, bend *cVḳV
|
|
|
to break, crumble *ṗVSV
|
|
|
to break, cut, wound *ʔVrHwV
|
|
|
to break, scatter, tear *ʔVrHwV
|
|
|
to breathe *HwinV
|
|
|
to breathe *ʔanqV
|
|
|
to breathe *ʔanqV
|
|
|
to burn */ḳ/alV
|
|
|
to burn *ć`wVwV (*HVwć'wV)
|
|
|
to burn *cwVwV (*HVwcwV)
|
|
|
to burn *dekO
|
|
|
to burn *dekO
|
|
|
to burn *Hase
|
|
|
to burn *HaSe
|
|
|
to burn *ḳVńV
|
|
|
to burn *ṗVdwV
|
|
|
to burn *ṭülV
|
|
|
to burn, bake *kVwrV
|
|
|
to burn, bake *kVwrV
|
|
|
to burn, boil *ḳVju
|
|
|
to burn, flash *CVlV
|
|
|
to burn, heat *gVbV
|
|
|
to burn, sun *nVjV
|
|
|
to burst, split (many roots) *paḳV
|
|
|
to call *CVḥV
|
|
|
to call *gVjwV
|
|
|
to call *gVjwV
|
|
|
to call *ḳErV
|
|
|
to call *ḳErV
|
|
|
to care *č`VrV
|
|
|
to care *čVrV
|
|
|
to change, borrow *HVrV
|
|
|
to change, distribute *HVrV
|
|
|
to chew *käjwV (?-b-)
|
|
|
to collect, count *lVkV
|
|
|
to collect, count *lVkV
|
|
|
to collect, put *ṗanV
|
|
|
to complete *muṭV
|
|
|
to cover *ḳa(j)dV
|
|
|
to cover, protect *ḳVrV
|
|
|
to covet sexually *gʷVnV
|
|
|
to covet sexually *gʷVnV
|
|
|
to cross, other side *aĺV
|
|
|
to crush *pi(u)čV
|
|
|
to crush, press *ṗVjńV
|
|
|
to crush, squeeze *pi(u)CV
|
|
|
to cry *muɣrV
|
|
|
to cry, shout *ḳVwV
|
|
|
to curse, be angry *jVrV
|
|
|
to cut *ɣVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|
|
to cut *ɣVčV ( ~ -č`-)
|
|
|
to cut *ḳVć`V
|
|
|
to cut *mVc`V
|
|
|
to cut *ṭanV
|
|
|
to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
|
|
|
to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
|
|
|
to cut, knife *kVlV
|
|
|
to cut, sharp *CarV
|
|
|
to cut, split *sVḳV
|
|
|
to cut, split *śVḳV
|
|
|
to cut, tear *mVCV
|
|
|
to deceive *tVlV
|
|
|
to die, kill *KolV
|
|
|
to dig, hack *ḳVṗV
|
|
|
to divide, cut in half *palV
|
|
|
to drink *jVgU
|
|
|
to drink, flow *tVrV
|
|
|
to dry *KVmV
|
|
|
to dry *šwVrV
|
|
|
to dry *šwVrV
|
|
|
to dry up, extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ š-)
|
|
|
to eat *ʒeGV
|
|
|
to eat *ʒeGV
|
|
|
to eat *ʔitV
|
|
|
to eat *ʔitV
|
|
|
to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
|
|
|
to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
|
|
|
to enter, go *ŋēni
|
|
|
to fall *ḳVtV
|
|
|
to fall *ṗeṭV
|
|
|
to fall, (down) *ṗeṭV
|
|
|
to fall, fly *ṗVjlV
|
|
|
to fall, soar *ṗVjlV
|
|
|
to fear, be angry *belHi
|
|
|
to fear, be scared *belHi
|
|
|
to ferment, squeeze juice *zUkV
|
|
|
to fill, stuff *ṭVmV
|
|
|
to finish *ḳUdV
|
|
|
to finish *ḳUdV
|
|
|
to fit, be good *dUgV
|
|
|
to fit, be good *ḳVnV
|
|
|
to flash, shine *CVlV
|
|
|
to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
|
|
|
to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
|
|
|
to flow, pour *tUKV
|
|
|
to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
|
|
|
to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
|
|
|
to get *gVṭV
|
|
|
to give *be[rH]u
|
|
|
to give *be[rH]u
|
|
|
to give *cwVHV
|
|
|
to give *dwV[H]V
|
|
|
to give *dwV[H]V
|
|
|
to give birth, family *KVmV
|
|
|
to gnaw *kVngV
|
|
|
to go *gVwV / *gwVjV
|
|
|
to go *meŋV
|
|
|
to go, come *ŋēni (cf. also *ŋāńi)
|
|
|
to go, come *ʒ́wVHV
|
|
|
to go, come, drive *ʒwVHV
|
|
|
to go, follow *gVwV / *gwVjV
|
|
|
to go, walk *mVrV
|
|
|
to grasp *HaṗV
|
|
|
to grasp *HaṗV
|
|
|
to grasp *ḳaṗV
|
|
|
to grasp *ḳaṗV
|
|
|
to grasp, seize *[p]itV
|
|
|
to grow *zVr(d)V ( ~ *ʒ-)
|
|
|
to grow, become *buHi
|
|
|
to hang *tajV
|
|
|
to hang down; stand *[s]VŋʒwV
|
|
|
to harm, break *kUŋ[d]V
|
|
|
to hate, be annoyed *CVrV
|
|
|
to hate, be annoyed *ǯVrV
|
|
|
to hear *ḳiwlV
|
|
|
to hide, protect *ḳVrV
|
|
|
to hide, secret *KuĺV
|
|
|
to hit, break *ḳVkV
|
|
|
to hit, push *mVqwV
|
|
|
to hold *gerV
|
|
|
to hold, seize *ʔanV
|
|
|
to howl, cry *wVlV
|
|
|
to howl, cry *wVlV
|
|
|
to join, together *anTV
|
|
|
to join, together *anTV
|
|
|
to jump, run *lVKV
|
|
|
to kindle, dry *ḳVs(w)V
|
|
|
to know *cwVnV
|
|
|
to know *g(w)enV
|
|
|
to know *g(w)enV
|
|
|
to know, consider *CVḥV
|
|
|
to know, think *ćwVnV (also *sVnV)
|
|
|
to know, think *sVnV
|
|
|
to lead *wetV
|
|
|
to lead, to go *wetV (cf. also *dwVwV 'run')
|
|
|
to let, agree *šVwV
|
|
|
to lick *l[a]pV
|
|
|
to lick *talV
|
|
|
to lick, swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
|
|
|
to lick; lip *l[a]pV
|
|
|
to lie *ḳVwjV
|
|
|
to lie, fall down *kVlV
|
|
|
to lie, sleep (also 'fall') *kVlV
|
|
|
to listen, hear *alV
|
|
|
to listen, hear *alV
|
|
|
to live *ḥujV
|
|
|
to live *ḥujV
|
|
|
to look, show *tVjḳV
|
|
|
to lose, hide *KuĺV
|
|
|
to make *wärV
|
|
|
to make *wärV
|
|
|
to marry *KVmV
|
|
|
to match, fit *ḳVnV
|
|
|
to melt, flow *dVnV
|
|
|
to melt, flow *dVnV
|
|
|
to mix, join *kalV
|
|
|
to move *SVlV
|
|
|
to move *SVlV
|
|
|
to move quickly *ńowda
|
|
|
to move quickly, pursue *ńowda
|
|
|
to move, push *mVqwV
|
|
|
to move, step *ćeKV
|
|
|
to open, spread *ṗanCV
|
|
|
to open, spread *ʔaḳa
|
|
|
to peel, naked *luku
|
|
|
to pierce *CoḳV
|
|
|
to pierce *CoḳV (also *čVḳV)
|
|
|
to plait *źVḳV
|
|
|
to plait, smth. plaited *zVḳV
|
|
|
to plait, weave *HUbV
|
|
|
to plait, weave *HUbV
|
|
|
to plait, weave, rope *rVCV
|
|
|
to plant vertically *tIgwV
|
|
|
to polish, rub *ṗIḳV
|
|
|
to pour *L[ä]jV
|
|
|
to pour *lVHwV
|
|
|
to pour *ṗVHV to pour, drink
|
|
|
to pour, drink *ṗVHV
|
|
|
to pour, drop *tUKV
|
|
|
to pour, stream *ʒwVHlV
|
|
|
to prepare food *piCV
|
|
|
to prepare food *piCV
|
|
|
to press, seize *ńamV
|
|
|
to press, seize *ńamV
|
|
|
to pull *ṭVnV
|
|
|
to pull, stretch *ṭVnV
|
|
|
to push, beat *nVq̇V
|
|
|
to push, beat *nVq̇V
|
|
|
to push, pull *ńukV
|
|
|
to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
|
|
|
to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
|
|
|
to put *ṗanV
|
|
|
to receive (+ bestow) *HVlV
|
|
|
to rise *kVdwV
|
|
|
to rise *kVdwV to rise
|
|
|
to rise, raise *ḲaLi
|
|
|
to rise, raise *ḲaLi
|
|
|
to rise; move, go *Horä
|
|
|
to roll *HUlV
|
|
|
to roll *HUlV
|
|
|
to roll, twist *murV
|
|
|
to rub, crumble *ṗVšV
|
|
|
to rub, scratch *ṗIḳV
|
|
|
to run *dwVwV
|
|
|
to run *ḳacwV
|
|
|
to run *ṭoKV
|
|
|
to run *ṭoKV
|
|
|
to run *ʔurKV
|
|
|
to run, road *ṭVŕgV
|
|
|
to say *tVHV
|
|
|
to say, call *wVḳV
|
|
|
to say, pray *mVlV
|
|
|
to scatter *s(w)VcwV
|
|
|
to scrape *ḳirV
|
|
|
to scrape *ḳirV; cf. also *gVrV scratch, *gVrVbV notch, sign
|
|
|
to scrape *ḳV[sw]V
|
|
|
to scratch *gVrV
|
|
|
to scratch *xVḳV
|
|
|
to scratch *xVḳV
|
|
|
to see *ʔVwʒwV(HV)
|
|
|
to see, eye *silV
|
|
|
to see, eye *wEdwV
|
|
|
to see, eye *ʔVnjV
|
|
|
to see, guard *HwVjV
|
|
|
to see, guard *HwVjV
|
|
|
to see, inspect *silV
|
|
|
to see, know *šVḳV
|
|
|
to see, know *šVḳV ( ~ *ć`w-)
|
|
|
to see, know, search *wEdwV
|
|
|
to see, perceive *ʔVwCV(HV) (cf. also *ʔincV)
|
|
|
to seize, press *[p]itV
|
|
|
to shake *dVrV
|
|
|
to shine, be visible *nVkV
|
|
|
to shine, glitter, flash *laṗV
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to shout, sound *ḳVwV
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to sift *sVjHV
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to sink *č`VṗV
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to sink *č`VṗV
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to slide, creep *ʒVlV
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to speak *ḥVwV
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to speak *ḥVwV
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to speak *watV
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to speak *watV
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to speak, shout *sVjwV
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to speak, shout *sVjwV ( ~ *ś-)
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to speak, sound *muɣrV
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to spin, plait *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
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to spin, wind *KVrV
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to split, bore *lUŋ(k)V
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to spread *ṗVrjV
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to spread, long *pVdV
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to spread, strew *CVχrV
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to stand *čwVrV
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to stand *sVlV
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to stand, hang down *sVŋʒ́V
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to stand, plant vertically *tIgwV
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to stand, rise *ŋwVkV
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to stay *menV
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to stay, be, stand *nV(w)HV
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to stay, reside *menV
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to stick in, pierce *NEgV
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to stick in, pierce *NEgV
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to stir, mix *bulV
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to stir, puddle *bulV
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to stretch, stand *nV(w)HV
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to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
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to submerge *kUdV
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to suck *[c`w]VṗV
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to suck *ʔEmV
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to suck *CVrbV
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to suck, leech *[c]VrbV
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to suffer *C(w)VHrV
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to suffer *c`VHrV
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to suffer *dVwV
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to suffer, die *dVwV
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to suffer, die *enV
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to suffer; pain *enV
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to suffice, be full *cwalV
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to swallow *HVṗV
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to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
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to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
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to swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
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to swallow *Sem[H]V
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to swallow *Sem[H]V
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to swallow, drink *tVrV
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to swallow, gobble *muḳV
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to swallow, throat *balʕ[u]
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to swallow, throat *gwVrV
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to swallow, throat *gwVrV
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to swallow, throat; pipe *balʕ[u]
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to sweep *swxVjṗV
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to take *bari
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to take *bari
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to take *kantV
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to take care of, honour *ʔVjsV
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to take, receive *HVlV
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to taste, eat *č`VmV
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to taste, sour *xamV
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to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
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to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
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to tear, rip *ḳV[ǯ]V
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to think *manu
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to think *manu
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to think, dream *ʒVm(ŋ)V
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to tie, bind *ḳVńV
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to tie, bind *ḳVńV
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to tie, net *taxlwV
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to touch *tVKV
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to trace *Koki
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to trace *Koki
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to tremble *dVrV
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to turn round *ṭurV
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to turn round *ṭurV
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to understand, brain (?) *ʔVŋV
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to understand, see *gUrV
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to understand, see *gUrV
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to urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
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to wake *[š]ehŕa
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to wake *źwehŕa
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to wake, become clear *ṭVlV
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to wake; see > eye *ṭVlV
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to walk, go *gVrV
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to walk, run *gVrV
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to walk, run *meŋV
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to wash, soak *lVHwV
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to weaken, disappear *mVjV
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to weaken, disappear *mVjV
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to wear out; weak, exhausted *lVCV
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to wear, put on *wVc`V
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to weave (a lattice?) *rVcV ( ~ -c`-)
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to wink, eyelid *c`VmrV
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to wish *h/a/wV
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to wish *wiʎ/g/V
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to wish *wiʎ/g/V
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to wish *h/a/wV
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to wish, help *ʔVnV(jV)
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to wish, let *šVwV
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to worry, be stupid *buḳV
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to wound, kill *ʔewV
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to wound, kill *ʔewV
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tongue *tilV(ŋV)
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tongue *tilV(ŋV)
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tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
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tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
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tooth *palV
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tooth *palV
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tooth, peg *ɣoŋɣV
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tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
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tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
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top *ḳVḳV
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top *ḳVḳV
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top *mVĺV
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top of head *KVmPV
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top of head *KVmPV
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top of head, hair *TUmV
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top of head, hair of head *TUmV
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top of head, horn *ḳirV
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top, summit *cimu ( ~ č-, č`-)
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touch, plaster *ṭaṗV
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touch, plaster, attach *ṭaṗV
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tramp, step *ceKV
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tree *ṗUjV
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tree *ṗUjV
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tree *widV
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tree, wood *dʷirV
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tree, wood *dʷirV
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twig, branch *c`UlV
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twig, rod *šVṭV
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twist *murV
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twist, weave *tVḳV
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two *malV
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two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
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two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
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two / four / eight *NVlV
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two, pair *gagtV
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two, pair *jVŕV
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two, pair *jVŕV
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understand, brain *ʔVŋV
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ungulate *ʔirV
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ungulate *ʔirV
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upper part of chest, collarbone *kVŋkV
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urine, urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
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valley *gowlV
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valley, deep *gowlV
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vessel *kala
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vessel *kala
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vessel *ḳaṗV
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vessel *ḳaṗV
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vessel *ḳVwKV
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village *koṭV
|
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village, house *koṭV
|
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village, hut *ḳojmV
|
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vulva *p`u[ṭ]V
|
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vulva *pVjcV ( ~ -č-)
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wake *ṗuKdV
|
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walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
|
|
|
walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
|
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|
walk, run, road (several roots? assimilations) *ṭVŕgV
|
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|
warm *kačV 'warm'
|
|
|
warm *lVmV
|
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|
warm *ṭ[ä]pV
|
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|
warm *ṭ[ä]pV
|
|
|
wash *bVnV
|
|
|
wash *mVs(k)V ( ~ -ʒ-)
|
|
|
wash *mVś(k)V ( ~ -ʒ́-)
|
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|
wash, flow *HVrcV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|
|
water *bVnV
|
|
|
water *wetV
|
|
|
water *wetV
|
|
|
water *ʕEḳu
|
|
|
water *ʕEḳu
|
|
|
water, pour *ʒwVHlV
|
|
|
water, to submerge *kUdV
|
|
|
water, wet *mEwV
|
|
|
water, wet *mEwV
|
|
|
we (pronoun) *wV
|
|
|
we, I [first p. pronoun] *wV we
|
|
|
weak *HalV (cf. also *lVjV)
|
|
|
weak *lVjV
|
|
|
weak *ṭVrV
|
|
|
weak, lax *lVjńV
|
|
|
weak, tired *HalV
|
|
|
weak, tired, dead *ŋVwV
|
|
|
weak, young *ṭVrV
|
|
|
wear, dress *wVCV
|
|
|
weary, tired *ēco ( ~ -č-)
|
|
|
wet *(H)wiɫV
|
|
|
wet *(H)wiɫV wet
|
|
|
wet *mäŕä
|
|
|
wet *mäŕä
|
|
|
wet *mVk`V
|
|
|
what, interrogative pronoun *mV
|
|
|
white *swVḳV ( ~ cw−,č𝑤-,čw-)
|
|
|
white, clean *swVḳV ( ~ cw-,čw-)
|
|
|
who *CV
|
|
|
who, what *ḳV
|
|
|
whole *ḳVĺwV
|
|
|
whole, all, combine *ḳVĺwV
|
|
|
whole, full *ćwalV
|
|
|
wide *ṗaṭV
|
|
|
wide, open *ṗaṭV
|
|
|
willow *čwalV
|
|
|
willow *čwalV
|
|
|
wind, to blow *CalV
|
|
|
wing; arm *gara
|
|
|
winter ~ spring *PVnV
|
|
|
winter, cold *gImV
|
|
|
winter, cold *gImV
|
|
|
wish *ʔVnV(jV)
|
|
|
wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
|
|
|
wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
|
|
|
woman *k/u/nV
|
|
|
woman *k/u/nV
|
|
|
woman, female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
|
|
|
wood *widV
|
|
|
worm *ḲorV
|
|
|
worm *ḲorV
|
|
|
worm *kuńV (if < *kuj-nV?)
|
|
|
worm *mVṭV
|
|
|
worm *mVṭV
|
|
|
worm *ṗäri
|
|
|
worm *ṗäri
|
|
|
worm, insect *ḳwVŋV
|
|
|
worm, insect *ŋalmV
|
|
|
year *w[e]ṭV
|
|
|
year *w[e]ṭV
|
|
|
year, old *CVnV
|
|
|
year, old *zVnV
|
|
|
you *si
|
|
|
young *bāla 'child, young'
|
|
|
young animal, plant *ṭVlV
|
|
|
young animal, plant *ṭVlV
|
|
|
young male *majrV
|
|
|
young male *majrV
|
|
|
young man *ḳacV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|
|
young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
|
|
|
young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
|
|
|
young, child *ḲanV
|
|
|
young, child *ḲanV
|
|