Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
|
Meaning
|
Eurasiatic
|
*[k]°rd°
|
a bird of prey
|
*KVrdV
|
*[ts]°n[ts]°
|
a biting insect
|
*CVnCV
|
*n°
|
a deictic element
|
*nV
|
*n°
|
a demonstrative element
|
*nV
|
*tʼ°k° *dw°kʼ°
|
a horned animal
|
*ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
|
*m°r°
|
a kind of berry
|
*mVrV
|
*tʃʼw°ʢkʼ°
|
a kind of bird
|
*[č`w]VHḳV
|
*[ts]°m°
|
a kind of bird
|
*CVmV
|
*[ts]°m°
|
a kind of bird
|
*CVmV
|
*ʢal°kʼ°
|
a kind of bird
|
*HalVḳV
|
*ʢal°kʼ°
|
a kind of bird
|
*HalVḳV
|
*kjama
|
a kind of (aquatic) bird
|
*k[i̯a]ma
|
*kaɴ°
|
a kind of bird
|
*kaNV
|
*kaɴ°
|
a kind of bird
|
*kaNV
|
*kʼuɦʎ°
|
a kind of bird
|
*ḳUĺV
|
*kʼuɦʎ°
|
a kind of bird
|
*ḳUĺV
|
*k°pʼ°
|
a kind of bird
|
*kVṗV
|
|
a kind of bird
|
*kVṗV
|
|
a kind of bird
|
*kwVtV
|
|
a kind of bird
|
*kwVtV
|
|
a kind of bird
|
*ĺVkĺVkV
|
|
a kind of bird
|
*sVgV
|
|
a kind of bird
|
*SVlwV
|
|
a kind of bird
|
*SVlwV
|
|
a kind of bird
|
*ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
|
|
a kind of bird (gallinacean)
|
*KVwrV
|
|
a kind of bone
|
*c`iŋu
|
|
a kind of cereal
|
*lVnṭV
|
|
a kind of cereal
|
*lVnṭV
|
|
a kind of duck
|
*ṭVḳV
|
|
a kind of duck or hen
|
*ṭVḳV
|
|
a kind of fish
|
*č`VHmV
|
|
(a) kind of fish
|
*kećä
|
|
a kind of fish
|
*kVrV
|
|
a kind of fish
|
*kVrV
|
|
a kind of fish; salmon
|
*ńowŋa
|
|
a kind of fruit
|
*mVsV
|
|
a kind of fruit
|
*mVsV
|
|
a kind of gallinacean bird
|
*KVwrV
|
|
a kind of grass
|
*wVĺV
|
|
a kind of grass
|
*wVĺV
|
|
a kind of grass
|
*cVmV
|
|
a kind of horned animal
|
*mula
|
|
a kind of horned animal
|
*mula
|
*tʃjuːppa *tʃjuːppu
|
a kind of insect
|
*či̯ū́ p𝑖̯ū́𝑝a ( ~ -u)
|
*[k]uɦm°
|
a kind of insect
|
*KUmV
|
*[k]uɦm°
|
a kind of insect
|
*KUmV
|
|
a kind of insect
|
*ḳUṭḳV
|
|
a kind of insect
|
*ḳUṭḳV
|
|
a kind of insect
|
*lVŋV
|
|
a kind of insect
|
*m[a]ŋi
|
|
a kind of insect
|
*mVḳV
|
|
a kind of insect
|
*mVḳV
|
|
a kind of insect
|
*pUḳV
|
|
a kind of insect
|
*pVN(T)V
|
|
a kind of insect
|
*ṗVnǯV
|
|
a kind of insect, louse
|
*ṗVnǯV
|
|
a kind of liquid
|
*c`UtV
|
|
a kind of onion
|
*sUŋV
|
|
a kind of predator
|
*bVrV
|
|
a kind of predator
|
*KVrdV
|
|
a kind of rodent
|
*[xq̇]wĕ[l]ʕǝ́
|
|
a kind of sack
|
*lVmV
|
|
a kind of tree
|
*jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
|
|
a kind of tree
|
*jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
|
|
a kind of tree
|
*kojw[a]
|
|
a kind of tree
|
*NEḳrV
|
|
a kind of tree
|
*ʔilVmV
|
|
a kind of ungulate
|
*cVHnV ( ~ *c`-)
|
|
a kind of ungulate
|
*CVxnV
|
|
a kind of ungulate
|
*mVnV
|
|
a kind of vessel
|
*ḳVwKV
|
|
a kind of vessel
|
*pVNV
|
|
a kind of water bird (gull)
|
*sVgV
|
|
a part of leg, foot
|
*lVlV
|
|
a small animal
|
*cwVkV ( ~ čw-)
|
|
a stinging insect
|
*mVwć`wV
|
|
a stinging insect
|
*pUḳV
|
|
all
|
*eli
|
|
all, join
|
*kalV
|
*tʃakiː
|
an insect; a kind of insect
|
*čă k𝑎̆𝑘i
|
|
an insect
|
*mVwcwV
|
|
an internal organ
|
*CV(n)CV
|
|
an ungulate
|
*morV
|
|
angry
|
*jVrV
|
|
animal hair
|
*mVńCV
|
|
animal hair
|
*mVńcV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|
antelope
|
*gujrV
|
|
antelope
|
*gujrV
|
|
arm
|
*gara
|
|
arm
|
*küjnV
|
|
arm
|
*lVlV
|
|
arm, leg
|
*ćVḳV
|
|
armpit
|
*ḳVwVŋV
|
|
army, people
|
*čVbV
|
|
ashes, burn 1; light 2
|
*ṗVdwV 1; *pi̯ŏ t𝑖̯𝑜̆𝑡e ( ~ -t-, *pi̯ă t𝑖̯𝑎̆𝑡u) 2
|
|
ashes, dirt
|
*ṗVlV
|
|
back
|
*dVgV
|
|
back
|
*gedV
|
|
back
|
*gedV
|
|
back
|
*sVrV
|
|
back
|
*tVbV
|
|
back
|
*tVbV
|
|
back
|
*ʔarV
|
|
back
|
*ʔarV
|
|
back, rear
|
*kuNṭV
|
|
back, side
|
*ṗVŋV
|
|
bad
|
*bVHCV
|
|
bad
|
*ʔVkV
|
|
bad
|
*ʔVkV
|
|
bad, dirty
|
*darV
|
|
bad, dirty
|
*darV
|
|
bad, evil
|
*bVHCV
|
|
bad, harm
|
*sogwV ( ~ š-)
|
|
bark
|
*ḳerV
|
|
bark
|
*ḳerV
|
|
bark
|
*ḲopV
|
|
bark
|
*ḲopV
|
|
bark
|
*ḳuLV
|
|
bark
|
*ḳVrṗV
|
|
bark, cover
|
*ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
|
|
bark, peel
|
*ḳuLV
|
|
bark, skin
|
*ḳVrṗV
|
|
basket
|
*ḳocV
|
|
basket
|
*ḳoćV
|
|
be angry
|
*kwVrV (~ gw)
|
|
be angry
|
*kwVrV (~ gw)
|
|
be destroyed, fall apart
|
*HVŕV
|
|
be full
|
*ḳOṗV
|
|
be full, complete
|
*ḳOṗV
|
|
be ill
|
*lVχV
|
|
be ill
|
*lVχV
|
|
be satiated
|
*HVwV
|
|
be smooth
|
*gVlV
|
|
be visible, see
|
*nVkV
|
|
beat
|
*biχV
|
|
beat
|
*biχV
|
|
beat
|
*ṭoḳV
|
|
beat
|
*ṭoḳV
|
|
beat, break
|
*buṭV
|
|
beat, hit
|
*SUTV
|
|
beat, hit
|
*SUTV
|
|
beat, hit
|
*ṭapħa
|
|
beat, hit
|
*ṭapħa
|
|
bee
|
*ṗVrV
|
|
bee, insect
|
*ṗVrV
|
|
behind, buttock
|
*[šw]VtV
|
|
behind, buttock
|
*SVtV
|
|
belly
|
*wa[n]čV
|
|
belly
|
*wa[n]ʒ́wV
|
|
belly, entrails
|
*gwVlV
|
|
belly, heart
|
*kuŋV
|
|
belly, heart
|
*kuŋV
|
|
belly, intestines
|
*gUtV / *kUtV
|
|
belly, intestines
|
*gUtV / *kUtV
|
|
belly, liver
|
*gwVlV
|
|
belly, stomach
|
*Ḳarbi
|
|
belly, stomach
|
*Ḳarbi
|
|
below
|
*HalV
|
|
below
|
*HalV
|
|
bend
|
*ḳVlV
|
|
bend
|
*ḳVŋV
|
|
bend
|
*ṭoŋV
|
|
berry
|
*mVrV
|
|
big
|
*mVkV
|
|
big
|
*t`VwjV
|
|
big
|
*wol[a]
|
|
big
|
*wol[a]
|
|
big fish
|
*ḳUlV
|
|
big fish
|
*ḳUlV
|
|
big tree
|
*dVnwV
|
|
big tree
|
*dVnwV
|
|
big, full
|
*tVdV
|
|
big, heavy
|
*pVKV
|
|
big, large
|
*mVkV
|
|
big, thick
|
*č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
|
|
big, thick
|
*č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
|
|
big, thick
|
*tVdV
|
|
big, very
|
*ʔVnV
|
|
big, very
|
*ʔVnV
|
|
bile
|
*bišV ( ~ -č`-)
|
|
bind
|
*KuTV
|
|
bind
|
*KVrV
|
|
birch
|
*kojw[a]
|
|
bird
|
*[č`w]VHḳV
|
|
bird
|
*HVwjV
|
|
bird
|
*HVwjV
|
|
bird's tail
|
*ṗVńcwV ( ~ -c`w-)
|
|
bite, chew
|
*käjwV (-b-)
|
|
bite, tear
|
*ḳVCV
|
|
biting insect
|
*CVnCV
|
|
bitter
|
*gVcwV(~-čw-)
|
|
bitter
|
*sVbV
|
|
bitter, gall
|
*bišV ( ~ -č`-)
|
|
bitter, sour
|
*gVcwV(~−č𝑤𝑉(~-čw- )
|
|
black
|
*ḳarV
|
|
black
|
*ḳarV
|
|
black
|
*ʔVbV
|
|
black
|
*ʔVbV
|
|
black, dark
|
*ḳUmV
|
|
black, dark
|
*ḳUmV
|
|
black, dark
|
*mVCHV
|
|
black, dark; black
|
*nal-
|
|
black, night
|
*sVrV
|
|
black-cock
|
*ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
|
|
blade, awl
|
*ʔVlV
|
|
blade, whetstone
|
*ʔVlV
|
|
blister, abscess
|
*HVlVḳV
|
|
blister, wound
|
*HVlVḳV
|
|
blood
|
*bUjlV
|
|
blood
|
*bUjlV
|
|
blood
|
*ḳVnV
|
|
blood
|
*wirV
|
|
blood
|
*ʔVsxV
|
|
blood, blood vessel
|
*ḳVnV
|
|
blood, breath
|
*HwinV
|
|
blood, breath
|
*ʔVsxV
|
|
blood, red
|
*ḳurV
|
|
blood, red
|
*ḳurV
|
|
blood, spirit; spirit; blood
|
*cwVnV
|
|
blood; marrow
|
*mVLV
|
|
blood; red
|
*wirV
|
|
blue
|
*swVNV
|
|
blue
|
*swVNV
|
|
board, stick
|
*ṭVlV
|
|
body
|
*bVdV
|
|
body, belly
|
*bVdV
|
|
boil
|
*borV, *buŕa
|
|
boil
|
*borV, *buŕa
|
|
boil, burn
|
*ḳVju
|
|
bone
|
*girV
|
|
bone
|
*girV
|
|
bone
|
*HV(w)[č`]V
|
|
bone
|
*HV(w)čV
|
|
bone
|
*ḳač`V
|
|
bone
|
*ḳaCV
|
|
bone
|
*ʒ́VmV (*c`iŋu)
|
|
bone, tooth
|
*ṗVjNV
|
|
bone, tooth
|
*ṗVjNV
|
|
bosom
|
*ʔVṗV
|
|
bosom
|
*ʔVṗV
|
|
bovine; horse
|
*luwV (*luɣV)
|
|
bow
|
*büḲa
|
|
bow, arc
|
*ṭoŋV
|
|
bow, lean
|
*tajV
|
|
brain
|
*mVŋV
|
|
brain
|
*mVŋV
|
|
brain, head
|
*wVṭV(mV)
|
|
brain, marrow; head
|
*wVṭV(mV)
|
|
branch
|
*rVṭV
|
|
branch, rod
|
*rVṭV
|
|
branch, stick
|
*HelV
|
|
branch, twig, rod
|
*šVṭV
|
|
break, chop
|
*cVṗV
|
|
break, split
|
*buṭV
|
|
breast
|
*[c]V(n)ʒwV
|
|
breast
|
*ḳerdV
|
|
breast
|
*ṗome
|
|
breast, belly
|
*ʔudV
|
|
breast, udder
|
*mälgi
|
|
breast, udder
|
*mälgi
|
|
breath, smell
|
*sVwHV
|
|
bright
|
*bVrḳV
|
|
bright
|
*ʔVǯV
|
|
bright
|
*ʔVǯV
|
|
brown
|
*boŕa
|
|
brown
|
*boŕa
|
|
brown, dark
|
*KVŋV
|
|
brown, yellow
|
*KVŋV
|
|
bug, flea
|
*ŋalmV
|
|
build, house
|
*dwVmV
|
|
burn; bonfire
|
*mūga
|
|
burn
|
*ṗaĺV
|
|
burn
|
*ṗaĺV
|
|
burn
|
*ṗVrV
|
|
burn
|
*wVrV
|
|
burn
|
*wVrV
|
|
burn, bake
|
*buKV
|
|
burn, boil; burn, kindle
|
*t`èmo ( ~ t-)
|
|
burn, fire
|
*qoṭi
|
|
burn, fire
|
*qoṭi
|
|
burn, fire
|
*t`ülV
|
|
burn, hot coals
|
*gUrV
|
|
burn, hot coals
|
*gUrV
|
|
burn, roast
|
*buKV
|
|
burn, roast, dry
|
*ḳVńV
|
|
burn, shine
|
*Cajŋa
|
|
burn, shine
|
*ʒajŋa
|
|
burst
|
*paḳV
|
|
butterfly
|
*ṗVrṗVlV
|
|
butterfly
|
*ṗVrṗVlV
|
|
buy, sell
|
*ṗVrV
|
|
calf
|
*ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
|
|
calf, bull
|
*ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
|
|
cattle; horse
|
*morV
|
|
cave, hole
|
*ḳVjwV
|
|
cave, hole
|
*ḳVjwV
|
|
cheek
|
*ṗVlV
|
|
chest, belly
|
*bUrV
|
|
chest, belly
|
*bUrV
|
|
child
|
*mVḳV
|
|
child, to bear
|
*berV
|
|
child, to bear
|
*berV
|
|
chin
|
*kenV
|
|
chin
|
*kenV (*kVngV)
|
|
chin, beard; cheek bone
|
*čò k𝑜̀𝑘e ( ~ -i̯u-)
|
|
chin, jaw
|
*kVṗV
|
|
chop
|
*cVṗV
|
|
chopped piece, to cut
|
*ḳUṭV (*ḳVtV)
|
|
clan member
|
*ʔarV
|
|
clay, mud
|
*pVnV
|
|
clay, mud
|
*pVnV
|
|
clothing
|
*ḳa(j)dV
|
|
cloud
|
*bVl(w)V
|
|
cloud
|
*bVl(w)V
|
|
coals, burn
|
*CuxLV
|
|
coals, soot, burn
|
*CuxLV
|
|
cold
|
*[z]VrV
|
|
cold
|
*KurV
|
|
cold
|
*KurV
|
|
cold
|
*SVŋV
|
|
cold
|
*ʒ́VrV
|
|
cold, frost
|
*SVŋV
|
|
come, go; rise
|
*Horä
|
|
coniferous tree
|
*pVnč`wV
|
|
coniferous tree, resin
|
*pVnč`wV
|
|
corner, enclosure
|
*ḳVnVṭV
|
|
corner, wall
|
*ḳVnVṭV
|
|
court, enclosure
|
*dwVrV
|
|
cover
|
*ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
|
|
cover, close
|
*ḳaṗV
|
|
cover, close
|
*ḳaṗV
|
|
crane
|
*kar-/*ker-
|
|
crane
|
*kar-/*ker-
|
|
crust
|
*c`VrV
|
|
curved, bent
|
*ḳUrV
|
|
cut
|
*čVḳV ( ~ *č`-)
|
|
cut
|
*ḳUṭV
|
|
cut
|
*ḳVc`V
|
|
cut
|
*kVlV
|
|
cut, sharp
|
*CarV
|
|
dark
|
*HamV
|
|
dark
|
*rVmV
|
|
dark
|
*rVmV
|
|
dark
|
*sVmV
|
|
dark
|
*ṭVmV
|
|
dark
|
*ṭVmV
|
|
dark, black; dark
|
*muṭV
|
|
dark, black
|
*mVCHV
|
|
dark, black; dark
|
*sVmV
|
|
dark, cloudy
|
*muṭV
|
|
darkness, night
|
*kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
|
|
dawn
|
*gojńV
|
|
dawn, light
|
*gojńV
|
|
dawn, light
|
*lVwŋV
|
|
dawn, noon
|
*lVwŋV
|
|
day, shine
|
*dʷVjɣV
|
|
day, shine
|
*dʷVjɣV
|
|
day, sun, light
|
*ŋera
|
|
decease
|
*ŋVwV
|
|
deer
|
*mVnV
|
|
deer
|
*ʔelV
|
|
deer
|
*ʔelV
|
|
deer, antilope
|
*ʔoru
|
|
deer, he-goat
|
*pOgV
|
|
demonstrative pronoun
|
*mV
|
|
demonstrative pronoun
|
*mV
|
|
demonstrative pronoun
|
*ṭV
|
|
demonstrative pronoun
|
*ṭV
|
|
demonstrative pronoun
|
*ḳV
|
|
demonstrative pronoun
|
*sV
|
|
dew, liquid
|
*rVCV
|
|
die, finish
|
*muṭV
|
|
die, starve
|
*HwelV
|
|
die; kill
|
*nek'-
|
|
dig, hack
|
*ḳVṗV
|
|
direction, road
|
*gwVCV
|
|
direction, road, pass
|
*gwVCV
|
|
dirt
|
*böḳa
|
|
dirt
|
*c`VrV
|
|
dirt
|
*c`VrV
|
|
dirt
|
*kodV
|
|
dirt
|
*kodV
|
|
dirt
|
*lVḳwV
|
|
dirt, earth
|
*magV
|
|
dirt, faeces
|
*[ʒ]VḳV
|
|
dirt, faeces
|
*SVḳV
|
|
dog
|
*KUCV
|
|
dog
|
*ḳVpV
|
|
dog
|
*ḳVpV
|
|
dog
|
*ŋindV
|
|
dog
|
*ŋindV
|
|
dog
|
*ŋVḳV
|
|
dog, wolf
|
*bVrV
|
|
dog, wolf
|
*KUCV
|
|
dog, wolf
|
*ŋVḳV
|
|
dream
|
*CVm(ŋ)V
|
|
drink
|
*jVgU
|
|
drink, liquid
|
*CUtV
|
|
drink, swallow
|
*ʔEmV
|
|
drink, water
|
*HVṗV
|
|
dry
|
*gwVlV
|
|
dry
|
*ḳVjwV(rV)
|
|
dry
|
*ḳVjwV(rV)
|
|
dry
|
*kVkV
|
|
dry
|
*kVk𝑉𝑘V
|
|
dry
|
*KVmV
|
|
dry
|
*ḳVs(w)V
|
|
dry
|
*sušV
|
|
dry
|
*śušV
|
|
dry, burn
|
*gwVlV (*/ḳ/alV)
|
|
dung, mud
|
*ḳorV
|
|
dust
|
*bur(H)V
|
|
dust
|
*bur(H)V
|
|
dust, ashes
|
*ṭVṭV
|
|
dust, ashes, smoke
|
*ṭVṭV
|
|
dust, dirt
|
*böḳa
|
|
dwelling
|
*gülV
|
|
dwelling
|
*gülV
|
|
ear
|
*KVrWV
|
|
ear
|
*KVrWV
|
|
early
|
*ʔVCV
|
|
early
|
*ʔVrV
|
|
early
|
*ʔVrV
|
|
early, dawn
|
*ʔVcwV
|
|
earth
|
*DVG-
|
|
earth
|
*DVG-
|
|
earth
|
*magV
|
|
earth, dust
|
*ṭVŕV
|
|
earth, dust
|
*ṭVŕV
|
|
eat
|
*tin-
|
|
eat
|
*UNV
|
|
eat, drink
|
*UNV
|
|
edge; top, summit
|
*cimu ( ~ ć-, č-, č`-)
|
|
edge
|
*Hońća
|
|
edge
|
*HońcV
|
|
edge
|
*mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|
edge
|
*ṗerV
|
|
edge
|
*PVlV
|
|
edge
|
*PVlV (*ṗVlV)
|
|
edge, side
|
*mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|
edge, side
|
*ṗerV
|
|
egg
|
*ṭUĺV
|
|
egg
|
*ṭUĺV
|
|
elbow, forearm
|
*c`VjḳV
|
|
elbow, knee
|
*küjnV
|
|
elder brother or sister
|
*ʔaḳV
|
|
elder brother/sister
|
*eńV
|
|
elder male relative, father
|
*ʔVṭV (*tajV)
|
|
elder relative
|
*ʔaḳV
|
|
elder relative
|
*ʔVṭV
|
|
elm
|
*ʔilVmV
|
|
enclosure
|
*gErV
|
|
enclosure
|
*gVrdV
|
|
enclosure
|
*gVrdV
|
|
enclosure
|
*wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
|
|
enclosure, yard
|
*dwVrV
|
|
enclosure, yard
|
*gErV
|
|
end; mouth
|
*[s]UwV
|
|
enemy
|
*ḳarV
|
|
enemy
|
*ḳarV
|
|
evening
|
*SVKV
|
|
evening
|
*sVrV
|
|
evening
|
*ʒwVṗV
|
|
evening, sleep
|
*ʒwVṗV
|
|
extinguish
|
*sun(d)V ( ~ ś-, š-)
|
|
eye, see
|
*HuḲa
|
|
eye, see
|
*HuḲa
|
|
eye, see
|
*HwVlV
|
|
eyebrow (> eyelid); hair of head
|
*SVmrV
|
|
face
|
*mVŋV
|
|
face, chin
|
*kVṗV
|
|
face, forehead
|
*pVNV
|
|
face, head
|
*mVĺV
|
|
face, head
|
*mVṭV
|
|
face, head
|
*pVNV
|
|
face, nose, mouth
|
*mVŋV
|
|
face, skin on head
|
*mVṭV
|
|
fall
|
*ḳVtV
|
|
fall, descend
|
*HewV
|
|
fall, descend, disappear
|
*HewV(jV)
|
|
far; next
|
*ḳUlV
|
|
fart
|
*PV[s]V
|
|
fart
|
*PVSV
|
|
fat
|
*gwVjV
|
|
fat
|
*gwVjV
|
|
fat, intestines
|
*sebV ( ~ ś-, š-)
|
|
father
|
*aṗV
|
|
father
|
*aṗV
|
|
feather
|
*ṗVĺV
|
|
feather, tail
|
*ṗVĺV
|
|
female
|
*nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
|
|
female
|
*ṗenV
|
|
female genitalia
|
*mVṭV
|
|
female genitalia
|
*mVṭV
|
|
female in-law
|
*kälU
|
|
female in-law
|
*kälU
|
|
female relative
|
*eńV
|
|
female relative
|
*mVjNV
|
|
female relative
|
*mVjNV
|
|
female relative
|
*natV
|
|
female relative
|
*natV
|
|
fence, enclosure
|
*wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
|
|
fight, kill
|
*HwelV
|
|
finger
|
*pVrV
|
|
finger, claw
|
*č`wVṗV
|
|
finger, claw
|
*č`wVṗV
|
|
finger, fingernail
|
*pVrV
|
|
finger, toe
|
*ḳVrV
|
|
fire
|
*CVCxV
|
|
fire
|
*dʷVɣV
|
|
fire
|
*dʷVɣV
|
|
fire
|
*ṗVxwV
|
|
fire
|
*ṗVxwV
|
|
fire
|
*zVcwxV
|
|
fire, burn
|
*HenkV
|
|
fire, burn
|
*HenkV
|
|
fire, burn
|
*nVjV
|
|
fire, burn
|
*ŋera
|
|
fire, burn
|
*ṗVrV
|
|
fire, burn
|
*ʔumV
|
|
fire, burn
|
*ʔumV
|
|
fire, to strike fire
|
*cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
|
|
fire, warmth
|
*lVmV
|
|
first person pronoun
|
*ŋV
|
|
first person pronoun
|
*mV
|
|
first person pronoun (exclusive)
|
*ŋV
|
|
fish
|
*č`VHmV
|
|
fish
|
*dVgV
|
|
fish
|
*dVgV
|
|
fist
|
*mVǯHV
|
|
fist, handle
|
*ṗVnḳV
|
|
fist, wrist
|
*kompV
|
|
fist; squeeze with a fist, crumple
|
*mVǯHV
|
|
flat
|
*lVṗV
|
|
flat
|
*lVṗV
|
|
flat
|
*ṭaPV
|
|
flat
|
*ṭaPV
|
|
flat, level
|
*ṗVlHV
|
|
flat, level
|
*ṗVlHV
|
|
flat, plain
|
*ṭalV
|
|
flea
|
*pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
|
|
flea
|
*pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
|
|
flesh, blood; flesh, fat
|
*SVĺV
|
|
flesh, fat
|
*c`ebV
|
|
flesh, fat
|
*swVĺV
|
|
flow
|
*ńVjrV
|
|
flow
|
*ńVjrV
|
|
flow, gush
|
*bVlV
|
|
flow, gush
|
*bVlV
|
|
fly
|
*ṗarV
|
|
fly
|
*ṗarV
|
|
fly, flea
|
*ṗVlV
|
|
fly, midge
|
*ṗVlV
|
|
fog
|
*musV
|
|
food
|
*HVlV
|
|
food, eat
|
*HVlV
|
|
foolish, deceive
|
*tVlV
|
|
foot, knee
|
*bVl(m)V
|
|
foot, sole
|
*ṗVHdV
|
|
foot, toe
|
*ḳVrV
|
|
forest, wilderness
|
*ni̯VnV
|
|
four
|
*NVlV
|
|
fox
|
*[čw]VlɣV
|
|
fox, weasel
|
*[čw]VlɣV
|
|
fragile
|
*lVmV
|
|
fringe, thread
|
*sVŋV
|
|
fringe, thread
|
*śVŋV ( ~ *ć`-)
|
|
frog
|
*gwVrV
|
|
frog
|
*gwVrV
|
|
front
|
*HalV
|
|
front
|
*HanṭV
|
|
front
|
*HanṭV
|
|
front; front, breast
|
*ʔedV
|
|
front, breast
|
*mVńV
|
|
front, breast
|
*mVńV
|
|
front, breast
|
*ʔedV
|
|
front, nose
|
*newRV
|
|
front, outside
|
*HalV
|
|
frost, cold
|
*pič`V
|
|
frozen snow
|
*čVgV
|
|
frozen snow
|
*čVgV
|
|
fruit
|
*bVrq̇wV
|
|
fruit
|
*bVrq̇wV
|
|
full
|
*HVp`V
|
|
full
|
*HVPVTV
|
|
full
|
*malV
|
|
full
|
*ṭVngV
|
|
full
|
*ṭVngV
|
|
full
|
*tVrV
|
|
full, all
|
*wV(n)CV
|
|
full, all
|
*wV(n)CV
|
|
full, fill
|
*ṭVmV
|
|
furrow
|
*HarV
|
|
furrow, hoe
|
*HarV
|
|
gather, assemble; buy, assemble
|
*ṗVrV
|
|
genitalia
|
*ḳUṭV
|
|
genitalia
|
*ḳUṭV
|
|
get in pairs, pair > two
|
*malV
|
|
get, obtain
|
*ga
|
|
gift, allotment
|
*ajṭV ~ *amṭV
|
|
gift, allotment
|
*ajṭV ~ *amṭV
|
|
give
|
*ćwVHV
|
|
glittering
|
*gi[ɫ]ħu
|
|
glittering
|
*gi[ɫ]ħu
|
|
glue
|
*[c]VbV
|
|
glue, join
|
*ćabV
|
|
go astray, fall apart
|
*HVŕV
|
|
go, come
|
*HVjV
|
|
go, follow
|
*HVjV
|
|
goat
|
*ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
|
|
goat, deer
|
*ʔoru
|
|
goat, ram, deer
|
*pOgV
|
|
good
|
*mVlV
|
|
good
|
*näḳi
|
|
good (of soul)
|
*näḳi
|
|
good, big
|
*bVtV
|
|
good, fit
|
*dUgV
|
|
good, new
|
*wVlV
|
|
good, proper
|
*ʔVjV
|
|
good, take care
|
*ʔVjsV
|
|
goose
|
*ĺVkĺVkV
|
|
grain
|
*SVrV
|
|
grain
|
*SVrV
|
|
grasp
|
*kamV
|
|
grasp
|
*kamV
|
|
grasp, seize, press
|
*HamV
|
|
grass
|
*kuCu
|
|
grass, reed
|
*ćVmV
|
|
grass, twigs
|
*c`UlV
|
|
grass, vegetables
|
*kuč`u
|
|
grey
|
*c'VjrV
|
|
grey
|
*c'VjrV
|
|
grind
|
*nVq̇V
|
|
grind
|
*nVq̇V
|
|
gum, resin, mud
|
*ṗoŋV
|
|
gums; part of face, gums
|
*ńVjlV
|
|
guts, inside
|
*oŕV
|
|
hack
|
*ṭanV
|
|
hair
|
*cVḳV
|
|
hair
|
*k`VSV
|
|
hair
|
*ńä[w(ŋ)]a [*ŋVjV]
|
|
hair
|
*ńä[w(ŋ)]a [*ŋVjV]
|
|
hair
|
*nVwrV
|
|
hair
|
*nVwrV
|
|
hair
|
*ŋVjV
|
|
hair
|
*p`un(́)V
|
|
hair
|
*p`un(́)V
|
|
hair
|
*pUdV
|
|
hair
|
*sVHrV
|
|
hair
|
*sVHrV
|
|
hair
|
*ṭVrV
|
|
hair
|
*ṭVrV
|
|
hair
|
*k`VSV
|
|
hair, beard
|
*Ḳila
|
|
hair, eyebrow
|
*burV
|
|
hair, feather
|
*pUdV (*HapUdV)
|
|
hair, hair of head
|
*burV
|
|
hair, head
|
*q̇irV
|
|
hair, rope
|
*ŋVjV
|
|
hair, stalk
|
*Ḳila
|
|
hair, tail
|
*sVPV
|
|
half, part
|
*palV
|
|
hand
|
*mVńV ( / *mVń-rV)
|
|
hand
|
*mVńV ( / *mVń-rV)
|
|
hand(ful)
|
*kompV
|
|
hand, arm
|
*bVgu
|
|
hand, arm
|
*udV
|
|
hand, bone
|
*ŋVlV
|
|
hand, elbow
|
*ŋVlV
|
|
hand, fist
|
*ṗVnḳV
|
|
hand, limb
|
*udV
|
|
hard
|
*ḳVmV
|
|
hard, bone
|
*ḳVmV
|
|
hard, firm
|
*pVKV
|
|
harm, deceive
|
*sogwV ( ~ š-)
|
|
harsh, ragged
|
*c`VrV
|
|
head
|
*q̇irV
|
|
head, back of head
|
*ḳapV
|
|
hear
|
*sVmV
|
|
hear
|
*SVmV
|
|
hear, ear
|
*ḳiwlV
|
|
hear, ear; hear; ear
|
*me-
|
|
heart
|
*sVʎV(mV)
|
|
heart
|
*śVʎV(mV)
|
|
heart, breast
|
*ḳerdV
|
|
heat
|
*[H]indV
|
|
heavy, labour
|
*mVnḳV
|
|
herd
|
*cVčV
|
|
high
|
*berg[i]
|
|
high
|
*berg[i]
|
|
high
|
*TVGV
|
|
hill
|
*tujpV
|
|
hill, rock
|
*bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)
|
|
hill, top
|
*tujpV
|
|
hit
|
*wVdV
|
|
hit
|
*wVdV
|
|
hole
|
*HangV (*wonkV)
|
|
hole
|
*k`VCV
|
|
hole
|
*ḳUrV
|
|
hole
|
*wonkV
|
|
hole, cavity
|
*ḳVwVŋV
|
|
hole, empty
|
*gop`a
|
|
hole, empty
|
*gop`a
|
|
hole, mouth
|
*k`VCV
|
|
hole, vulva
|
*p`u[ṭ]V
|
|
hollow
|
*HVlwV
|
|
hollow, cavity
|
*HVlwV
|
|
hoof
|
*ḳäṗV
|
|
hoof
|
*ḳäṗV
|
|
hoof
|
*sUdV
|
|
hoof
|
*ṭUṗV
|
|
hoof, finger(nail); hoof
|
*ṭUṗV
|
|
hoof, hoof deformation
|
*c`UdV
|
|
horn
|
*ḳirV
|
|
horn
|
*mVrgV
|
|
horn; root
|
*mVrgV
|
|
horned animal
|
*bVrV
|
|
horned animal
|
*bVrV
|
|
hot, warm
|
*ṗäḳV
|
|
house
|
*pVrV
|
|
house
|
*ʔU[ṭ]V
|
|
house, village; village, hut
|
*ḳojmV
|
|
humid, wet
|
*mVk`V
|
|
I, myself
|
*ʔVkV (*ʔVgV)
|
|
I, myself; we [first person pronoun]
|
*ʔVkV (*ʔVgV)
|
|
I, we [first person pronoun]
|
*mV
|
|
ice, cold
|
*jVkV
|
|
ice, cold
|
*jVkV
|
|
ill, die
|
*m[ä]rV
|
|
ill, die
|
*m[ä]rV
|
|
insect, vermine
|
*tVkV
|
|
insect, vermine
|
*tVkV
|
|
insect, worm
|
*ḳwVŋV
|
|
insect, worm
|
*lVŋV
|
|
inside, stomach
|
*ʔudV
|
|
interrogative or relative pronoun
|
*ŋiV
|
|
interrogative or relative pronoun
|
*ŋiV
|
|
interrogative pronoun
|
*ḳV
|
|
interrogative pronoun
|
*mV
|
|
intestine
|
*[c']VlV
|
|
intestine
|
*ć'VlV
|
|
intestine
|
*ḳUʒwV
|
|
intestines
|
*ḳUʒ́wV
|
|
intestines; stomach, intestines
|
*ḳVmV
|
|
intestines
|
*lVŋ(d)V
|
|
intestines
|
*oŕV
|
|
jaw, palate
|
*ʔVŋV
|
|
jaw, palate
|
*ʔVŋV
|
|
joint, limb
|
*bVgu
|
|
joy
|
*bVjV
|
|
joy, desire
|
*bVjV
|
|
juice, ferment
|
*sVḳV ( ~ š-)
|
|
jump, run
|
*lVKV
|
|
kidney, heart
|
*lVŋ(d)V
|
|
kill
|
*KolV
|
|
kill
|
*ḳVwχV
|
|
knee
|
*bVl(m)V
|
|
knee, ankle
|
*sVnV
|
|
knife, cut, break
|
*kUŋ[d]V
|
|
know
|
*ṭanV
|
|
know, hear; know
|
*ṭanV (*-ŋ-)
|
|
know, name
|
*nerV
|
|
large fish
|
*lVmbV
|
|
large predator
|
*zīwe(ŋkV)
|
|
large predator
|
*zīwe(ŋkV)
|
|
large, heavy
|
*sUrV
|
|
large, heavy
|
*sUrV
|
|
laugh
|
*gUlV
|
|
laugh, merry
|
*gUlV
|
|
leaf
|
*bolV
|
|
leaf
|
*bolV
|
|
leaf
|
*lVṗV
|
|
leaf tree
|
*ṗVlV
|
|
leaf tree
|
*ṗVlV
|
|
leaf, bark
|
*lVṗV
|
|
leaf, branch
|
*HelV
|
|
leaf, flower; bud
|
*pòŋa ( ~ *p`-)
|
|
leaf; reed
|
*HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
|
|
leg
|
*ɫaḳV
|
|
leg
|
*ɫaḳV
|
|
leg, arm
|
*ḳVwlV
|
|
leg, limb
|
*ḳVwlV
|
|
level ground
|
*ṭalV
|
|
lick
|
*laḳV
|
|
lick
|
*laḳV
|
|
lick
|
*lašV
|
|
lick
|
*lašV
|
|
lick, drink
|
*talV
|
|
lie
|
*ḳVwjV
|
|
light, burn
|
*Howri
|
|
light, burn
|
*Howri
|
|
light, loose
|
*SulV
|
|
light, shine
|
*HVlV
|
|
light, shine
|
*HVlV
|
|
light, shine
|
*jVḳV
|
|
light, shine
|
*jVḳV
|
|
light, shine
|
*mVlV
|
|
limb
|
*ṗVHdV
|
|
lip, soft excrescence
|
*kanpV
|
|
lip, soft excrescence
|
*kanpV
|
|
liquid
|
*GurV
|
|
liquid
|
*GurV
|
|
liquid
|
*lVṭV
|
|
liquid
|
*lVṭV
|
|
liquid
|
*sVwV
|
|
liquid
|
*śVwV
|
|
liquid, dirt
|
*lVḳwV
|
|
liquid, flow
|
*L[ä]jV
|
|
liver
|
*pi̯ā̀ki
|
|
liver
|
*ponta
|
|
liver, belly
|
*tVrV(ŋV)
|
|
liver, intestines; blood, marrow
|
*mVLV
|
|
lizard, slug
|
*mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
|
|
lizard, worm
|
*mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
|
|
loins, groin
|
*zVmV
|
|
long
|
*tel(ḥ)V
|
|
long
|
*tel(ḥ)V
|
|
long bone
|
*śVnV
|
|
long hair, tail
|
*[s]VPV
|
|
long, far
|
*ḳUlV
|
|
long, high
|
*HVgU
|
|
long, wide
|
*wVŕV
|
|
long, wide
|
*wVŕV
|
|
loose
|
*SulV
|
|
loose(n)
|
*lVCV
|
|
louse
|
*pVN(T)V
|
|
louse
|
*ṭäjV
|
|
louse
|
*ṭäjV
|
|
louse, nit
|
*ñejV
|
|
love, good
|
*ʔVjV
|
|
luminary
|
*mVnzV
|
|
luminary
|
*mVnʒ́V
|
|
lung, liver
|
*pVjLV
|
|
lung, spleen
|
*pVjLV
|
|
male
|
*gVntV
|
|
male
|
*gVntV
|
|
male, male child
|
*mVḳV
|
|
man
|
*ḳaćV ( ~ -ć`-)
|
|
man
|
*mänV
|
|
man
|
*mänV
|
|
many
|
*m[o]nV
|
|
many
|
*m[o]nV
|
|
many
|
*ṗalV
|
|
many
|
*ṗV(H)-
|
|
many, big
|
*bVtV
|
|
many, full
|
*ṗalV
|
|
marsh
|
*[sw]VjmV
|
|
marsh, uncultivated land
|
*[sw]VjmV
|
|
marten
|
*ḳ[u]nV
|
|
marten
|
*ḳ[u]nV
|
|
meat
|
*ńVḳV(rV)
|
|
meat
|
*sUḳV
|
|
meat
|
*ʔomsV
|
|
meat
|
*ʔomśV
|
|
meat, animal
|
*cVč𝑉čV
|
|
meat, deer
|
*sUḳV
|
|
meat, liver
|
*mVḳV
|
|
meat, liver
|
*mVḳV
|
|
meat, roe, intestines
|
*ńVḳV(rV)
|
|
member of the clan
|
*ʔarV
|
|
moisture
|
*mVtV
|
|
moisture
|
*mVtV
|
|
moon, heavenly body
|
*ṭVlgV(nV)
|
|
moon, luminary
|
*ṭVlgV(nV)
|
|
morning
|
*ṗuKdV
|
|
morning / evening
|
*HamV
|
|
morning ~ evening
|
*SVKV
|
|
morning, clear sky
|
*ŋańV
|
|
moth
|
*kuńV
|
|
mother
|
*ʔVjV
|
|
mother
|
*ʔVjV
|
|
mother
|
*ʔVmV
|
|
mother, woman
|
*ʔVmV
|
|
mountain
|
*balV
|
|
mountain
|
*malV
|
|
mountain
|
*malV
|
|
mountain
|
*wVrV
|
|
mountain
|
*wVrV
|
|
mountain, high
|
*TVGV
|
|
mountain, hill
|
*balV
|
|
mountain, hill
|
*gʷVrV
|
|
mountain, hill
|
*gʷVrV
|
|
mountain, top
|
*ṗVrV
|
|
mountain, top
|
*ṗVrV
|
|
mouse
|
*cVḳV ( ~ *c`-)
|
|
mouse, squirrel
|
*CVḳV (*cwVkV ( ~ čw-))
|
|
mouse, squirrel
|
*gʷVĺV
|
|
mouth
|
*[s]UwV
|
|
mouth, hole
|
*HVwV
|
|
mouth, hole
|
*HVwV
|
|
mouth; eat
|
*č`VmV
|
|
mouth; speak
|
*ʔVpV
|
|
mouth; to speak
|
*ʔVpV
|
|
mud, dung
|
*ḳorV
|
|
mud; gum, resin
|
*ṗoŋV
|
|
multitude; be satiated
|
*HVwV
|
|
mushroom, fungus
|
*pUtV
|
|
mushroom, sponge
|
*pUtV
|
|
naked, take off clothes
|
*luku
|
|
name
|
*ĺVm(ŋ)V
|
|
name
|
*ĺVm(ŋ)V
|
|
name
|
*ṗVtV
|
|
name, call
|
*ṗVtV
|
|
name, shape
|
*šamV
|
|
nape, back
|
*[s]VKV
|
|
nape, back
|
*śVKV
|
|
nape; back
|
*dVgV
|
|
narrow
|
*č`VnV
|
|
narrow
|
*ṭijV
|
|
narrow, thin
|
*č`VnV
|
|
near
|
*ʔVbV
|
|
neck
|
*ḳVlV
|
|
neck, collar
|
*kVŋkV
|
|
neck, throat
|
*HVŋV
|
|
neck, throat
|
*ḳVlV
|
|
neck, vertebra
|
*nVKV
|
|
negative particle
|
*ʔVlV
|
|
negative particle
|
*ʔVlV
|
|
negative verb
|
*ʔe
|
|
new
|
*žVjŋV
|
|
new, fresh
|
*CVrV
|
|
new, good
|
*žVjŋV
|
|
new, young
|
*CVrV
|
|
new, young
|
*wVlV
|
|
night
|
*HUdV
|
|
night
|
*kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
|
|
night
|
*lVlV
|
|
night
|
*lVlV
|
|
night, dawn; morning, clear sky
|
*ŋańV
|
|
night, sleep
|
*HUdV
|
|
night, sleep
|
*zVNV
|
|
night, sleep
|
*ʒ́iNV
|
|
night, sleep
|
*ʔamV
|
|
nit
|
*ñejV
|
|
nit, louse
|
*sajrV
|
|
nit, louse
|
*sajrV ( ~ *ś-)
|
|
nose
|
*ḳVŋV
|
|
nose
|
*ḳVŋV
|
|
nose
|
*ne(H)wRV
|
|
nose
|
*ŋVkCV
|
|
nose
|
*wiKV (*ujKV)
|
|
nose
|
*wiKV (*ujKV)
|
|
nose, nostril
|
*CVxrV
|
|
nose, nostril
|
*cwVxrV
|
|
not
|
*ʔVnV
|
|
not, negative particle
|
*ʔVnV
|
|
not, negative verb
|
*ʔe
|
|
notch, sign
|
*gVrVbV
|
|
now; new
|
*nVwV
|
|
now; new
|
*nVwV
|
|
numerous, full
|
*tVrV
|
|
nut, fruit; nut
|
*ar-
|
|
old
|
*gwVrV
|
|
old
|
*gwVrV
|
|
old
|
*zVr(d)V
|
|
one
|
*sem-
|
|
one
|
*ʔUdV
|
|
one
|
*ʔUdV
|
|
one
|
*ʔVrV
|
|
one
|
*ʔVrV
|
|
one, finger
|
*dwV(j)ḳV
|
|
one, finger
|
*dwV(j)ḳV
|
|
one, self
|
*ʔo(ŋ)nV
|
|
onion, odorous grass
|
*sUŋV
|
|
open
|
*ṗan[c]V
|
|
open space
|
*ʔVrHV
|
|
open space
|
*ʔVrHV
|
|
open, hole
|
*HangV
|
|
open; hole
|
*ʔaḳa
|
|
order, custom
|
*nerV
|
|
original place
|
*ni̯VnV
|
|
other; other side
|
*aĺV
|
|
other
|
*gUjV
|
|
other
|
*gwVjV
|
|
pain, wound
|
*mVnḳV
|
|
painful state, grief
|
*gilV
|
|
painful state, grief
|
*gilV
|
|
pair, one of a pair
|
*gagtV
|
|
palate, tongue
|
*ŋVnV
|
|
palate, tongue
|
*ŋVnV
|
|
palm *caʷlǝʒǝ- hand, *cälmǝ palm
|
|
|
palm (of hand) *ṗVlŋV
|
|
|
palm of hand, handful *ṗVlŋV
|
|
|
part of face *ńVjlV
|
|
|
part of nose *ŋVk[čw]V
|
|
|
part of nose *t`ā́nV ( ~ -ē-) part of nose
|
|
|
part of shoulder *čVKV
|
|
|
part of shoulder, joint *čVKV
|
|
|
paw, grasp *gEpSV
|
|
|
paw, hand *gEpčwV
|
|
|
peg, nail *ɣoŋɣV
|
|
|
peg, nail *ḳUjḳV peg, nail (also *kikV 'bite', *ḳVkV 'break, peck')
|
|
|
peg, root *ḳUjḳV
|
|
|
penis *bVĺV
|
|
|
penis *bVĺV
|
|
|
penis *ṗacV ( ~ -c`-, -č-)
|
|
|
penis *ṗaćV ( ~ -ć`-, -č-) (also *pVjcV ( ~ -č-))
|
|
|
people, army *čVbV
|
|
|
place *baja
|
|
|
place *baja
|
|
|
pleasure, satisfaction *ṭVrṗV
|
|
|
plenty, abundant *malV
|
|
|
pond *küɫä
|
|
|
pond *küɫä
|
|
|
pool, low ground *laḳwV
|
|
|
pool, low ground *laḳwV
|
|
|
pot *ṗVdV
|
|
|
pot *ṗVdV
|
|
|
pot *pVNV
|
|
|
pray *mVlV
|
|
|
prohibitive / negative particle *ma
|
|
|
prohibitive particle, not *ma
|
|
|
pus, rot *[č]iru
|
|
|
pus, rot *Ciru
|
|
|
push, move *ńukV
|
|
|
quick *ṭurV
|
|
|
quick *ṭurV
|
|
|
quick, swift *pV[ṭ]V
|
|
|
rain, fog, steam *musV
|
|
|
rain, pour *HVrćV ( ~ -ć`-) (also *rVCV)
|
|
|
rare *HVrV
|
|
|
rare, new *HVrV rare
|
|
|
reed *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
|
|
|
relative-in-law *tajV
|
|
|
ring, hook *ḳVCV (also *kVCV)
|
|
|
ring, spool *ḳVč`V
|
|
|
rise *ŋwVkV
|
|
|
rise, stand up *HVgU
|
|
|
rise, up *ʔVpV
|
|
|
rise, up *ʔVpV
|
|
|
road *ʔur(H)V
|
|
|
road *ʔur(H)V
|
|
|
road, walk *mVrV
|
|
|
rod, strap *lVgV
|
|
|
rod, strap *lVgV
|
|
|
roe; inside *t`VrV(ŋV)
|
|
|
root, bone *tV(H)mV
|
|
|
root, bone *tV(H)mV root, bone
|
|
|
root, herb *wVr[t]V
|
|
|
root, herb *wVr[t]V
|
|
|
root, seed > settlement *aHulV
|
|
|
root, sprout *ḲurV
|
|
|
root, stalk *ḲurV
|
|
|
rope, thread *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
|
|
|
round *ḳoĺV
|
|
|
round *ḳoĺV
|
|
|
round *ṭompV
|
|
|
round, convex *ṭompV
|
|
|
rump, buttocks *kuNṭV
|
|
|
rump, neck *nVKV
|
|
|
run *bok[a]
|
|
|
run *bok[a]
|
|
|
run, drive *ʔurKV
|
|
|
sack, bag *lVmV
|
|
|
salt *CalV
|
|
|
salt, bitter *sVbV
|
|
|
salt, sea *čwalV
|
|
|
salty, sour *č`VmV
|
|
|
salty, sour *cwVwVrV
|
|
|
sand *ki[ǯ]V
|
|
|
sand *kiCV
|
|
|
satisfaction *ṭVrṗV
|
|
|
say *tVHV
|
|
|
say, call *wVḳV
|
|
|
say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
|
|
|
say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
|
|
|
scab *pVkV
|
|
|
scatter, sift *ś(w)VcwV
|
|
|
scrape, scraper *ḳwVnCV
|
|
|
scrape, scraper *ḳwVncwV
|
|
|
scratch *wVrcwV
|
|
|
scratch, scrape *ḳVSV
|
|
|
scratch, scrape *wVrcwV
|
|
|
sea *jamV
|
|
|
sea, shallow *sVjɣwV
|
|
|
sea, water *jamV
|
|
|
sea, water *sVjɣwV
|
|
|
second person pronoun *χwV
|
|
|
second person pronoun, thou *nV
|
|
|
second person pronoun, thou *si
|
|
|
second person pronoun, thou *ṭ[u]
|
|
|
see, eye *ʔVnjV
|
|
|
seed, kin *ṗVrV
|
|
|
seed, kin *ṗVrV
|
|
|
seed; to sift *sVjHV
|
|
|
seize *HamV
|
|
|
self *ʔo(ŋ)nV
|
|
|
separate, split *bedV
|
|
|
settlement *aHulV
|
|
|
settlement *palVHV
|
|
|
settlement *palVHV
|
|
|
shape *šamV
|
|
|
sharp *Hoḳi
|
|
|
sharp object *CVNV
|
|
|
sharp point, tooth *Hoḳi
|
|
|
sharp stick *c`iĺV
|
|
|
sharp stick *c`iĺV
|
|
|
sharp, to whet *pVxwV
|
|
|
sharp, to whet *pVxwV
|
|
|
shell *kV(n)ḳV
|
|
|
shell, bark *kV(n)ḳV
|
|
|
shin, shank *ḳVnčV
|
|
|
shin, thigh *ḳVnčV
|
|
|
shine, bright *bVrḳV
|
|
|
shine, burn *mVlV
|
|
|
shine, burn (several roots) *belV
|
|
|
shine, glitter *belV
|
|
|
shine, glitter *laṗV
|
|
|
shine, light *bVɣV
|
|
|
shine, light *bVɣV
|
|
|
shine; burn *leuk-
|
|
|
shoulder *tVlV
|
|
|
shoulder, arm *tVlV
|
|
|
shoulder, shoulder-blade *ṗVŋV
|
|
|
shout *rewǝ- shout, roar
|
|
|
show, point at *tVjḳV
|
|
|
sick, ill *ēco ( ~ -ć-, -č-)
|
|
|
side *bVḳV
|
|
|
side (of body) *bVḳV
|
|
|
sinew; root *SirV
|
|
|
sinew; root *SirV
|
|
|
single, first *sVnV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
|
|
|
single; apart, asunder *sVnV ( ~ š-, c`-)
|
|
|
sister, woman *SäwCV
|
|
|
sister, woman *SäwCV
|
|
|
skin *ḲaĺV
|
|
|
skin *ḲaĺV
|
|
|
skin *perV
|
|
|
skin *perV
|
|
|
skin *ṗVtV
|
|
|
skin *ṗVtV
|
|
|
skin *ṭVlV
|
|
|
skin *ṭVlV
|
|
|
skin, bark *pVkV
|
|
|
skin, crust, peel *kamV
|
|
|
skin, hair *ṭVwq̇V
|
|
|
skin, hair on body *ṭVwq̇V
|
|
|
skin, husk *kamV
|
|
|
skull *ḳapV
|
|
|
sky, cloud *HaḳumV
|
|
|
sky, cloud *HaḳumV
|
|
|
slanting *kVCV
|
|
|
sleep *ʔamV
|
|
|
slide, creep *[ʒ]VlV
|
|
|
slime *SVlV
|
|
|
slime, dirt *SVlV
|
|
|
small *cVḳV
|
|
|
small *CVḳV
|
|
|
small *ḳVṭV
|
|
|
small *ṭijV
|
|
|
small bird *ciṗV
|
|
|
small bird *ciṗV
|
|
|
small female animal *ṗenV
|
|
|
small, thin, short *ṭVnV
|
|
|
small, young *ḳVṭV
|
|
|
small; child *pVwjV
|
|
|
small; child *pVwjV
|
|
|
smear *cwVHmV
|
|
|
smear, fat *mVjrV
|
|
|
smear, fat *mVjrV
|
|
|
smear; fat *ć`ämV
|
|
|
smell *[s]VwHV
|
|
|
smell *ṗunV
|
|
|
smell *sun(g)V
|
|
|
smell *śun(g)V
|
|
|
smell, breathe, smoke *ṗunV
|
|
|
smile *mUc`V ( ~ -s-)
|
|
|
smoke *ǯun[k]V
|
|
|
smoke *ǯun[k]V
|
|
|
smoke, cloud *nVbV
|
|
|
smoke, cloud *nVbV
|
|
|
smooth *gVlV
|
|
|
something sharp *CVNV
|
|
|
snake *nētr- 'snake'
|
|
|
snake *ṗVjmV
|
|
|
snake *ʔanKV
|
|
|
snake *ʔanKV
|
|
|
snake, eel *lVmbV
|
|
|
soft, fragile *lVmV
|
|
|
soft, mild *mVlV
|
|
|
soft, weak *lVjńV
|
|
|
soft, wet *LVṗV
|
|
|
soft, wet *LVṗV
|
|
|
soul, breath *mùsi 'steam, spirit'
|
|
|
sour *CVwVrV
|
|
|
sour, bitter *č`VmV
|
|
|
sour, ferment *sVḳV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
|
|
|
span *ṭVgV
|
|
|
span *ṭVgV
|
|
|
speak, say, sound *jVnV
|
|
|
speak, sound *jVnV
|
|
|
spin, twist *ṗuNV
|
|
|
spin, twist *ṗuNV
|
|
|
spirit *cwVnV
|
|
|
spit *ṭupV
|
|
|
spit *ṭupV
|
|
|
spit, fang *ḳiwHV
|
|
|
spit, fang *ḳiwHV
|
|
|
spleen *lVṗV
|
|
|
spleen *lVṗV
|
|
|
spleen *tV(H)ʎV
|
|
|
spleen, liver *tV(H)ʎV
|
|
|
split *cVlV
|
|
|
split, tear off *CVlV
|
|
|
spread *ṗVrjV
|
|
|
spread, extend *CVχrV
|
|
|
spread, long *pVdV
|
|
|
spring *PVnV
|
|
|
spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
|
|
|
spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
|
|
|
sprinkle *p`iSV
|
|
|
sprinkle *p`isV
|
|
|
stalk *kanVbV
|
|
|
stalk, peg *kanVbV
|
|
|
stand *čwVrV
|
|
|
star *dVštV
|
|
|
star, luminary *HVzwVrV
|
|
|
star, moon *dV[š]tV
|
|
|
star, shine *HVźVrV
|
|
|
stem, board *ṭVlV
|
|
|
steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
|
|
|
steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
|
|
|
stick *bVč`V
|
|
|
stick *ḳVlV
|
|
|
stick *ḳVlV
|
|
|
stick into, pierce *bedV
|
|
|
stick, pole *bVč`V
|
|
|
stick, tree *ḳUrV
|
|
|
stick, tree *ḳUrV
|
|
|
stomach, intestines *ḳVmV
|
|
|
stone *ḳElV
|
|
|
stone *kiwV
|
|
|
stone *ṭ/aj/lV
|
|
|
stone *ṭ/aj/lV
|
|
|
stone, hill *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)
|
|
|
stone, mountain *kiwV
|
|
|
stone, rock *ḳElV
|
|
|
storm *burV ( >> *p-)
|
|
|
storm *burV ( >> *p-)
|
|
|
stream, flow of water *Huwa
|
|
|
stream, flow of water *Huwa
|
|
|
stump *ṭumgV
|
|
|
stump, trunk *ṭumgV
|
|
|
suck *SUṗV
|
|
|
suck *zUkV
|
|
|
suck, swallow *muḳV swallow, gobble
|
|
|
sufficient, complete *eli
|
|
|
sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
|
|
|
sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
|
|
|
sun, day *daŋ 'dawn'; *tianta 'sun'
|
|
|
swamp *laHm[u]
|
|
|
swamp *laHm[u]
|
|
|
sweep *šwxVjṗV
|
|
|
sweet *cwVtu
|
|
|
sweet, tasty *cwVtu
|
|
|
tail *ḳudV
|
|
|
tail *ḳudV
|
|
|
tail *toḳE
|
|
|
tail *toḳE
|
|
|
tail, (long) hair *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -ćw−,−č𝑤-,-čw-, -ǯ-)
|
|
|
tail, back *śVrV back
|
|
|
take *ga
|
|
|
take *ʔanV
|
|
|
take, bring *gerV
|
|
|
take, bring *tVKV
|
|
|
take, carry *ʔVpV
|
|
|
take, get *gVṭV
|
|
|
take, grasp *kantV
|
|
|
take, seize *ʔVpV
|
|
|
taste *ṭVHmV
|
|
|
taste *xamV, *xamŋV; *xamŋV 'mouth'
|
|
|
temple, hair on temple *cVḳV
|
|
|
ten, many *ṗV(H)-
|
|
|
tent *ʔU[ṭ]V
|
|
|
testicle *ḳoĺV
|
|
|
testiculus *ḳoĺV
|
|
|
that, that near *ʔVbV
|
|
|
that, this *ʔa (*ʔe)
|
|
|
that, this *ʔu
|
|
|
that, this *ʔu
|
|
|
that, this *ʔa (*ʔe) (probably *Ha that, *He this)
|
|
|
thick *ṭujV (*ṭVwjV)
|
|
|
thick *ṭVkV
|
|
|
thick, full *ṭVkV
|
|
|
thick, swell *bongä
|
|
|
thick, swell *bongä
|
|
|
thigh *bVgtV
|
|
|
thigh *bVgtV
|
|
|
thigh, leg *ṗVǯkV
|
|
|
thigh, rump *ṗVǯkV
|
|
|
thin *cUṗV
|
|
|
thin *ṭVnV
|
|
|
thin, narrow *ćUṗV
|
|
|
thing *HVdV
|
|
|
thing; interrogative stem *HVdV
|
|
|
third person pronoun *sV
|
|
|
this *cV ( ~ č-)
|
|
|
this *cV ( ~ č-, ć-)
|
|
|
this *ḳV
|
|
|
this *ʔi (*hi)
|
|
|
this *ʔi (*hi)
|
|
|
thorn *ʒwVgV
|
|
|
thorn *ʒ́wVgV
|
|
|
thorny bush *NEḳrV
|
|
|
thou (oblique forms) [second person pronoun] *χwV
|
|
|
thou [second person pronoun] *nV thou
|
|
|
thou [second person pronoun] *ṭ[u]
|
|
|
throat *HVŋV
|
|
|
throat, intestines *kUṭV
|
|
|
throat, swallow *kUlV
|
|
|
throat, to swallow *kUlV
|
|
|
tickle *cVḳV
|
|
|
tie, weave *tVḳV
|
|
|
tip, spout *CVCV
|
|
|
tip, spout *čVčV
|
|
|
to approach, follow *ŋāńi
|
|
|
to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
|
|
|
to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
|
|
|
to bare teeth *mUCV
|
|
|
to be *buHi
|
|
|
to be *woɣlV
|
|
|
to be *woɣlV
|
|
|
to be *ʔa
|
|
|
to be *ʔa
|
|
|
to be *ʔesA
|
|
|
to be *ʔesA
|
|
|
to be angry *kVCV
|
|
|
to be angry, hostile *kVCV
|
|
|
to be completed, exhausted *ṭVkV
|
|
|
to be lost, exhausted *ṭVkV
|
|
|
to be mad, stupid *buḳV
|
|
|
to be visible *HwVlV
|
|
|
to be well *c`olHV
|
|
|
to be well *ColHV
|
|
|
to be, live *ʔelA
|
|
|
to be, live *ʔelA
|
|
|
to bear *š[e]wV
|
|
|
to bear *š[e]wV
|
|
|
to bear *ṭVlV
|
|
|
to bear, lift *ṭVlV
|
|
|
to beat *ṗVṭV
|
|
|
to beat *ṗVṭV
|
|
|
to beat, hit *ḳVwχV
|
|
|
to bend *büḲa
|
|
|
to bend *cVḳV
|
|
|
to bend *Garḳu
|
|
|
to bend *Garḳu
|
|
|
to bend *guḳa
|
|
|
to bend *guḳa
|
|
|
to bend *güpA
|
|
|
to bend *ḳVlV
|
|
|
to bend *ḳVŋV
|
|
|
to bend *ɫoŋḳa
|
|
|
to bend, bow *ɫoŋḳa
|
|
|
to bend, turn *KUrV
|
|
|
to bend; hump, heap *güpA
|
|
|
to bind, girdle *KuTV
|
|
|
to bind, harness *taxlwV
|
|
|
to bite *kikV
|
|
|
to bite, taste *ṭVHmV
|
|
|
to blink, shine, shade *c`ajV
|
|
|
to blink, shine, shade *CajV
|
|
|
to blow *dVwɣV
|
|
|
to blow *p`uSV
|
|
|
to blow *p`uSV
|
|
|
to blow *ṗuɣV
|
|
|
to blow *ṗuɣV
|
|
|
to blow, shake *dVwɣV
|
|
|
to blow, winnow *Hewa
|
|
|
to blow, winnow *Hewa
|
|
|
to boil, foam *ḳüpä
|
|
|
to boil, foam *ḳüpä
|
|
|
to boil, roast *gVbV
|
|
|
to bore, dig *lUŋ(k)V
|
|
|
to bow, bend *cVḳV
|
|
|
to break, crumble *ṗVSV
|
|
|
to break, cut, wound *ʔVrHwV
|
|
|
to break, scatter, tear *ʔVrHwV
|
|
|
to breathe *HwinV
|
|
|
to breathe *ʔanqV
|
|
|
to breathe *ʔanqV
|
|
|
to burn */ḳ/alV
|
|
|
to burn *ć`wVwV (*HVwć'wV)
|
|
|
to burn *cwVwV (*HVwcwV)
|
|
|
to burn *dekO
|
|
|
to burn *dekO
|
|
|
to burn *Hase
|
|
|
to burn *HaSe
|
|
|
to burn *ḳVńV
|
|
|
to burn *ṗVdwV
|
|
|
to burn *ṭülV
|
|
|
to burn, bake *kVwrV
|
|
|
to burn, bake *kVwrV
|
|
|
to burn, boil *ḳVju
|
|
|
to burn, flash *CVlV
|
|
|
to burn, heat *gVbV
|
|
|
to burn, sun *nVjV
|
|
|
to burst, split (many roots) *paḳV
|
|
|
to call *CVḥV
|
|
|
to call *gVjwV
|
|
|
to call *gVjwV
|
|
|
to call *ḳErV
|
|
|
to call *ḳErV
|
|
|
to care *č`VrV
|
|
|
to care *čVrV
|
|
|
to change, borrow *HVrV
|
|
|
to change, distribute *HVrV
|
|
|
to chew *käjwV (-b-)
|
|
|
to collect, count *lVkV
|
|
|
to collect, count *lVkV
|
|
|
to collect, put *ṗanV
|
|
|
to complete *muṭV
|
|
|
to cover *ḳa(j)dV
|
|
|
to cover, protect *ḳVrV
|
|
|
to covet sexually *gʷVnV
|
|
|
to covet sexually *gʷVnV
|
|
|
to cross, other side *aĺV
|
|
|
to crush *pi(u)čV
|
|
|
to crush, press *ṗVjńV
|
|
|
to crush, squeeze *pi(u)CV
|
|
|
to cry *muɣrV
|
|
|
to cry, shout *ḳVwV
|
|
|
to curse, be angry *jVrV
|
|
|
to cut *ɣVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|
|
to cut *ɣVčV ( ~ -č`-)
|
|
|
to cut *ḳVć`V
|
|
|
to cut *mVc`V
|
|
|
to cut *ṭanV
|
|
|
to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
|
|
|
to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
|
|
|
to cut, knife *kVlV
|
|
|
to cut, sharp *CarV
|
|
|
to cut, split *sVḳV
|
|
|
to cut, split *śVḳV
|
|
|
to cut, tear *mVCV
|
|
|
to deceive *tVlV
|
|
|
to die, kill *KolV
|
|
|
to dig, hack *ḳVṗV
|
|
|
to divide, cut in half *palV
|
|
|
to drink *jVgU
|
|
|
to drink, flow *tVrV
|
|
|
to dry *KVmV
|
|
|
to dry *šwVrV
|
|
|
to dry *šwVrV
|
|
|
to dry up, extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ š-)
|
|
|
to eat *ʒeGV
|
|
|
to eat *ʒeGV
|
|
|
to eat *ʔitV
|
|
|
to eat *ʔitV
|
|
|
to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
|
|
|
to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
|
|
|
to enter, go *ŋēni
|
|
|
to fall *ḳVtV
|
|
|
to fall *ṗeṭV
|
|
|
to fall, (down) *ṗeṭV
|
|
|
to fall, fly *ṗVjlV
|
|
|
to fall, soar *ṗVjlV
|
|
|
to fear, be angry *belHi
|
|
|
to fear, be scared *belHi
|
|
|
to ferment, squeeze juice *zUkV
|
|
|
to fill, stuff *ṭVmV
|
|
|
to finish *ḳUdV
|
|
|
to finish *ḳUdV
|
|
|
to fit, be good *dUgV
|
|
|
to fit, be good *ḳVnV
|
|
|
to flash, shine *CVlV
|
|
|
to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
|
|
|
to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
|
|
|
to flow, pour *tUKV
|
|
|
to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
|
|
|
to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
|
|
|
to get *gVṭV
|
|
|
to give *be[rH]u
|
|
|
to give *be[rH]u
|
|
|
to give *cwVHV
|
|
|
to give *dwV[H]V
|
|
|
to give *dwV[H]V
|
|
|
to give birth, family *KVmV
|
|
|
to gnaw *kVngV
|
|
|
to go *gVwV / *gwVjV
|
|
|
to go *meŋV
|
|
|
to go, come *ŋēni (also *ŋāńi)
|
|
|
to go, come *ʒ́wVHV
|
|
|
to go, come, drive *ʒwVHV
|
|
|
to go, follow *gVwV / *gwVjV
|
|
|
to go, walk *mVrV
|
|
|
to grasp *HaṗV
|
|
|
to grasp *HaṗV
|
|
|
to grasp *ḳaṗV
|
|
|
to grasp *ḳaṗV
|
|
|
to grasp, seize *[p]itV
|
|
|
to grow *zVr(d)V ( ~ *ʒ-)
|
|
|
to grow, become *buHi
|
|
|
to hang *tajV
|
|
|
to hang down; stand *[s]VŋʒwV
|
|
|
to harm, break *kUŋ[d]V
|
|
|
to hate, be annoyed *CVrV
|
|
|
to hate, be annoyed *ǯVrV
|
|
|
to hear *ḳiwlV
|
|
|
to hide, protect *ḳVrV
|
|
|
to hide, secret *KuĺV
|
|
|
to hit, break *ḳVkV
|
|
|
to hit, push *mVqwV
|
|
|
to hold *gerV
|
|
|
to hold, seize *ʔanV
|
|
|
to howl, cry *wVlV
|
|
|
to howl, cry *wVlV
|
|
|
to join, together *anTV
|
|
|
to join, together *anTV
|
|
|
to jump, run *lVKV
|
|
|
to kindle, dry *ḳVs(w)V
|
|
|
to know *cwVnV
|
|
|
to know *g(w)enV
|
|
|
to know *g(w)enV
|
|
|
to know, consider *CVḥV
|
|
|
to know, think *ćwVnV (also *sVnV)
|
|
|
to know, think *sVnV
|
|
|
to lead *wetV
|
|
|
to lead, to go *wetV (also *dwVwV 'run')
|
|
|
to let, agree *šVwV
|
|
|
to lick *l[a]pV
|
|
|
to lick *talV
|
|
|
to lick, swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
|
|
|
to lick; lip *l[a]pV
|
|
|
to lie *ḳVwjV
|
|
|
to lie, fall down *kVlV
|
|
|
to lie, sleep (also 'fall') *kVlV
|
|
|
to listen, hear *alV
|
|
|
to listen, hear *alV
|
|
|
to live *ḥujV
|
|
|
to live *ḥujV
|
|
|
to look, show *tVjḳV
|
|
|
to lose, hide *KuĺV
|
|
|
to make *wärV
|
|
|
to make *wärV
|
|
|
to marry *KVmV
|
|
|
to match, fit *ḳVnV
|
|
|
to melt, flow *dVnV
|
|
|
to melt, flow *dVnV
|
|
|
to mix, join *kalV
|
|
|
to move *SVlV
|
|
|
to move *SVlV
|
|
|
to move quickly *ńowda
|
|
|
to move quickly, pursue *ńowda
|
|
|
to move, push *mVqwV
|
|
|
to move, step *ćeKV
|
|
|
to open, spread *ṗanCV
|
|
|
to open, spread *ʔaḳa
|
|
|
to peel, naked *luku
|
|
|
to pierce *CoḳV
|
|
|
to pierce *CoḳV (also *čVḳV)
|
|
|
to plait *źVḳV
|
|
|
to plait, something plaited *zVḳV
|
|
|
to plait, weave *HUbV
|
|
|
to plait, weave *HUbV
|
|
|
to plait, weave, rope *rVCV
|
|
|
to plant vertically *tIgwV
|
|
|
to polish, rub *ṗIḳV
|
|
|
to pour *L[ä]jV
|
|
|
to pour *lVHwV
|
|
|
to pour *ṗVHV to pour, drink
|
|
|
to pour, drink *ṗVHV
|
|
|
to pour, drop *tUKV
|
|
|
to pour, stream *ʒwVHlV
|
|
|
to prepare food *piCV
|
|
|
to prepare food *piCV
|
|
|
to press, seize *ńamV
|
|
|
to press, seize *ńamV
|
|
|
to pull *ṭVnV
|
|
|
to pull, stretch *ṭVnV
|
|
|
to push, beat *nVq̇V
|
|
|
to push, beat *nVq̇V
|
|
|
to push, pull *ńukV
|
|
|
to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
|
|
|
to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
|
|
|
to put *ṗanV
|
|
|
to receive (+ bestow) *HVlV
|
|
|
to rise *kVdwV
|
|
|
to rise *kVdwV to rise
|
|
|
to rise, raise *ḲaLi
|
|
|
to rise, raise *ḲaLi
|
|
|
to rise; move, go *Horä
|
|
|
to roll *HUlV
|
|
|
to roll *HUlV
|
|
|
to roll, twist *murV
|
|
|
to rub, crumble *ṗVšV
|
|
|
to rub, scratch *ṗIḳV
|
|
|
to run *dwVwV
|
|
|
to run *ḳacwV
|
|
|
to run *ṭoKV
|
|
|
to run *ṭoKV
|
|
|
to run *ʔurKV
|
|
|
to run, road *ṭVŕgV
|
|
|
to say *tVHV
|
|
|
to say, call *wVḳV
|
|
|
to say, pray *mVlV
|
|
|
to scatter *s(w)VcwV
|
|
|
to scrape *ḳirV
|
|
|
to scrape *ḳirV; also *gVrV scratch, *gVrVbV notch, sign
|
|
|
to scrape *ḳV[sw]V
|
|
|
to scratch *gVrV
|
|
|
to scratch *xVḳV
|
|
|
to scratch *xVḳV
|
|
|
to see *ʔVwʒwV(HV)
|
|
|
to see, eye *silV
|
|
|
to see, eye *wEdwV
|
|
|
to see, eye *ʔVnjV
|
|
|
to see, guard *HwVjV
|
|
|
to see, guard *HwVjV
|
|
|
to see, inspect *silV
|
|
|
to see, know *šVḳV
|
|
|
to see, know *šVḳV ( ~ *ć`w-)
|
|
|
to see, know, search *wEdwV
|
|
|
to see, perceive *ʔVwCV(HV) (also *ʔincV)
|
|
|
to seize, press *[p]itV
|
|
|
to shake *dVrV
|
|
|
to shine, be visible *nVkV
|
|
|
to shine, glitter, flash *laṗV
|
|
|
to shout, sound *ḳVwV
|
|
|
to sift *sVjHV
|
|
|
to sink *č`VṗV
|
|
|
to sink *č`VṗV
|
|
|
to slide, creep *ʒVlV
|
|
|
to speak *ḥVwV
|
|
|
to speak *ḥVwV
|
|
|
to speak *watV
|
|
|
to speak *watV
|
|
|
to speak, shout *sVjwV
|
|
|
to speak, shout *sVjwV ( ~ *ś-)
|
|
|
to speak, sound *muɣrV
|
|
|
to spin, plait *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
|
|
|
to spin, wind *KVrV
|
|
|
to split, bore *lUŋ(k)V
|
|
|
to spread *ṗVrjV
|
|
|
to spread, long *pVdV
|
|
|
to spread, strew *CVχrV
|
|
|
to stand *čwVrV
|
|
|
to stand *sVlV
|
|
|
to stand, hang down *sVŋʒ́V
|
|
|
to stand, plant vertically *tIgwV
|
|
|
to stand, rise *ŋwVkV
|
|
|
to stay *menV
|
|
|
to stay, be, stand *nV(w)HV
|
|
|
to stay, reside *menV
|
|
|
to stick in, pierce *NEgV
|
|
|
to stick in, pierce *NEgV
|
|
|
to stir, mix *bulV
|
|
|
to stir, puddle *bulV
|
|
|
to stretch, stand *nV(w)HV
|
|
|
to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
|
|
|
to submerge *kUdV
|
|
|
to suck *[c`w]VṗV
|
|
|
to suck *ʔEmV
|
|
|
to suck *CVrbV
|
|
|
to suck, leech *[c]VrbV
|
|
|
to suffer *C(w)VHrV
|
|
|
to suffer *c`VHrV
|
|
|
to suffer *dVwV
|
|
|
to suffer, die *dVwV
|
|
|
to suffer, die *enV
|
|
|
to suffer; pain *enV
|
|
|
to suffice, be full *cwalV
|
|
|
to swallow *HVṗV
|
|
|
to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
|
|
|
to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
|
|
|
to swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
|
|
|
to swallow *Sem[H]V
|
|
|
to swallow *Sem[H]V
|
|
|
to swallow, drink *tVrV
|
|
|
to swallow, gobble *muḳV
|
|
|
to swallow, throat *balʕ[u]
|
|
|
to swallow, throat *gwVrV
|
|
|
to swallow, throat *gwVrV
|
|
|
to swallow, throat; pipe *balʕ[u]
|
|
|
to sweep *swxVjṗV
|
|
|
to take *bari
|
|
|
to take *bari
|
|
|
to take *kantV
|
|
|
to take care of, honour *ʔVjsV
|
|
|
to take, receive *HVlV
|
|
|
to taste, eat *č`VmV
|
|
|
to taste, sour *xamV
|
|
|
to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
|
|
|
to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
|
|
|
to tear, rip *ḳV[ǯ]V
|
|
|
to think *manu
|
|
|
to think *manu
|
|
|
to think, dream *ʒVm(ŋ)V
|
|
|
to tie, bind *ḳVńV
|
|
|
to tie, bind *ḳVńV
|
|
|
to tie, net *taxlwV
|
|
|
to touch *tVKV
|
|
|
to trace *Koki
|
|
|
to trace *Koki
|
|
|
to tremble *dVrV
|
|
|
to turn round *ṭurV
|
|
|
to turn round *ṭurV
|
|
|
to understand, brain *ʔVŋV
|
|
|
to understand, see *gUrV
|
|
|
to understand, see *gUrV
|
|
|
to urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
|
|
|
to wake *[š]ehŕa
|
|
|
to wake *źwehŕa
|
|
|
to wake, become clear *ṭVlV
|
|
|
to wake; see > eye *ṭVlV
|
|
|
to walk, go *gVrV
|
|
|
to walk, run *gVrV
|
|
|
to walk, run *meŋV
|
|
|
to wash, soak *lVHwV
|
|
|
to weaken, disappear *mVjV
|
|
|
to weaken, disappear *mVjV
|
|
|
to wear out; weak, exhausted *lVCV
|
|
|
to wear, put on *wVc`V
|
|
|
to weave (a lattice) *rVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|
|
to wink, eyelid *c`VmrV
|
|
|
to wish *h/a/wV
|
|
|
to wish *wiʎ/g/V
|
|
|
to wish *wiʎ/g/V
|
|
|
to wish *h/a/wV
|
|
|
to wish, help *ʔVnV(jV)
|
|
|
to wish, let *šVwV
|
|
|
to worry, be stupid *buḳV
|
|
|
to wound, kill *ʔewV
|
|
|
to wound, kill *ʔewV
|
|
|
tongue *tilV(ŋV)
|
|
|
tongue *tilV(ŋV)
|
|
|
tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
|
|
|
tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
|
|
|
tooth *palV
|
|
|
tooth *palV
|
|
|
tooth, peg *ɣoŋɣV
|
|
|
tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
|
|
|
tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
|
|
|
top *ḳVḳV
|
|
|
top *ḳVḳV
|
|
|
top *mVĺV
|
|
|
top of head *KVmPV
|
|
|
top of head *KVmPV
|
|
|
top of head, hair *TUmV
|
|
|
top of head, hair of head *TUmV
|
|
|
top of head, horn *ḳirV
|
|
|
top, summit *cimu ( ~ č-, č`-)
|
|
|
touch, plaster *ṭaṗV
|
|
|
touch, plaster, attach *ṭaṗV
|
|
|
tramp, step *ceKV
|
|
|
tree *ṗUjV
|
|
|
tree *ṗUjV
|
|
|
tree *widV
|
|
|
tree, wood *dʷirV
|
|
|
tree, wood *dʷirV
|
|
|
twig, branch *c`UlV
|
|
|
twig, rod *šVṭV
|
|
|
twist *murV
|
|
|
twist, weave *tVḳV
|
|
|
two *malV
|
|
|
two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
|
|
|
two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
|
|
|
two / four / eight *NVlV
|
|
|
two, pair *gagtV
|
|
|
two, pair *jVŕV
|
|
|
two, pair *jVŕV
|
|
|
understand, brain *ʔVŋV
|
|
|
ungulate *ʔirV
|
|
|
ungulate *ʔirV
|
|
|
upper part of chest, collarbone *kVŋkV
|
|
|
urine, urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
|
|
|
valley *gowlV
|
|
|
valley, deep *gowlV
|
|
|
vessel *kala
|
|
|
vessel *kala
|
|
|
vessel *ḳaṗV
|
|
|
vessel *ḳaṗV
|
|
|
vessel *ḳVwKV
|
|
|
village *koṭV
|
|
|
village, house *koṭV
|
|
|
village, hut *ḳojmV
|
|
|
vulva *p`u[ṭ]V
|
|
|
vulva *pVjcV ( ~ -č-)
|
|
|
wake *ṗuKdV
|
|
|
walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
|
|
|
walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
|
|
|
walk, run, road (several roots, assimilations) *ṭVŕgV
|
|
|
warm *kačV 'warm'
|
|
|
warm *lVmV
|
|
|
warm *ṭ[ä]pV
|
|
|
warm *ṭ[ä]pV
|
|
|
wash *bVnV
|
|
|
wash *mVs(k)V ( ~ -ʒ-)
|
|
|
wash *mVś(k)V ( ~ -ʒ́-)
|
|
|
wash, flow *HVrcV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|
|
water *bVnV
|
|
|
water *wetV
|
|
|
water *wetV
|
|
|
water *ʕEḳu
|
|
|
water *ʕEḳu
|
|
|
water, pour *ʒwVHlV
|
|
|
water, to submerge *kUdV
|
|
|
water, wet *mEwV
|
|
|
water, wet *mEwV
|
|
|
we (pronoun) *wV
|
|
|
we, I [first person pronoun] *wV we
|
|
|
weak *HalV (also *lVjV)
|
|
|
weak *lVjV
|
|
|
weak *ṭVrV
|
|
|
weak, lax *lVjńV
|
|
|
weak, tired *HalV
|
|
|
weak, tired, dead *ŋVwV
|
|
|
weak, young *ṭVrV
|
|
|
wear, dress *wVCV
|
|
|
weary, tired *ēco ( ~ -č-)
|
|
|
wet *(H)wiɫV
|
|
|
wet *(H)wiɫV wet
|
|
|
wet *mäŕä
|
|
|
wet *mäŕä
|
|
|
wet *mVk`V
|
|
|
what, interrogative pronoun *mV
|
|
|
white *swVḳV ( ~ cw−,č𝑤-,čw-)
|
|
|
white, clean *swVḳV ( ~ cw-,čw-)
|
|
|
who *CV
|
|
|
who, what *ḳV
|
|
|
whole *ḳVĺwV
|
|
|
whole, all, combine *ḳVĺwV
|
|
|
whole, full *ćwalV
|
|
|
wide *ṗaṭV
|
|
|
wide, open *ṗaṭV
|
|
|
willow *čwalV
|
|
|
willow *čwalV
|
|
|
wind, to blow *CalV
|
|
|
wing; arm *gara
|
|
|
winter ~ spring *PVnV
|
|
|
winter, cold *gImV
|
|
|
winter, cold *gImV
|
|
|
wish *ʔVnV(jV)
|
|
|
wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
|
|
|
wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
|
|
|
woman *k/u/nV
|
|
|
woman *k/u/nV
|
|
|
woman, female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
|
|
|
wood *widV
|
|
|
worm *ḲorV
|
|
|
worm *ḲorV
|
|
|
worm *kuńV (if < *kuj-nV)
|
|
|
worm *mVṭV
|
|
|
worm *mVṭV
|
|
|
worm *ṗäri
|
|
|
worm *ṗäri
|
|
|
worm, insect *ḳwVŋV
|
|
|
worm, insect *ŋalmV
|
|
|
year *w[e]ṭV
|
|
|
year *w[e]ṭV
|
|
|
year, old *CVnV
|
|
|
year, old *zVnV
|
|
|
you *si
|
|
|
young *bāla 'child, young'
|
|
|
young animal, plant *ṭVlV
|
|
|
young animal, plant *ṭVlV
|
|
|
young male *majrV
|
|
|
young male *majrV
|
|
|
young man *ḳacV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|
|
young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
|
|
|
young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
|
|
|
young, child *ḲanV
|
|
|
young, child *ḲanV
|
|