Idavic languages
| Idavic | |
|---|---|
| Created by | – |
| Geographic distribution | Tumhan |
| Linguistic classification | One of Tricin's primary language families |
| Proto-language | Proto-Idavic (PId) |
Idavic (from reconstructed Proto-Idavic *ʔidawi 'person') is a Trician language family which includes Dodellic. The urheimat is central-western Etalocin. Proto-Idavic is inspired by Proto-Hebrew and Proto-Balto-Slavic.
Proto-Idavic grammar was very similar to that of Classical Netagin. Modern Idavic languages native to Etalocin have various typologies depending on the sprachbund.
Family tree
Phonology
Consonants
Proto-Idavic had about 28 consonants and had a distinction between front and back coronals and front and back velars.
| Labial | Front coronal | Back coronal | Front velar | Labiovelar | Back velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n̪~n̠/ | ŋ /ɲ~ŋ/ | |||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t̪/ | ť /t̠/ | ḱ /k̟/ | kʷ /kʷ/ | k /k̠/ | ʔ /ʔ/ |
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d̪/ | ď /d̠/ | ǵ /g̟/ | gʷ /gʷ/ | g /g̠/ | ||
| Fricative | s /s̟/ | š /s̠/ | x́ /x̟/ | xʷ /xʷ/ | x /x̠/ | |||
| Affricate | c /t̪s̟/ | č /t̠s̠/ | ||||||
| Resonant | w /w/ | l /l̪/ | r /r/, ľ /ɺ/ | y /j/ | ||||
s c were lamino-dental, and š č were retracted apico-alveolar.
Vowels
Proto-Idavic had a vowel system similar to that of Proto-Balto-Slavic.
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /ɪ/ | ī /i:/ | u /ʊ/ | ū /u:/ |
| Open | e /æ/ | ē /æ:/ | a /ɑ/ | ā /ɑ:/ |
Diphthongs: ay aw ey ew /ɑj ɑw ɛj ɛw/
Suprasegmentals
Morphology
Triconsonantal but only Netagin preserves this
Intransitive and transitive forms turn into agent-oriented vs patient oriented in Netagin; most other Idavic languages retain only one of the intransitive and transitive forms.
Proto-Idavic had only one true preposition, *mi. Other meanings expressed with prepositions in English were indicated with verbs.
Pronouns
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent | *wēlu | *wēbu | - | *wēći | *wēnīʔi | - |
| Emphatic | *hanlī | *hanbā | (demonstratives) | *hanćā | *hannīʔi | (demonstratives) |
| Alienable | *le- | *be- | *ʔin- | *će- | *neś- | *ʔeś- |
| Inalienable | *-alu | *-abu | *-ī | *-ćā | *-nīʔi | *-iś |
Nouns
| decl. A | decl. B | decl. D | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Absolute state | lēti | lētāla | ʔisteleḱi | ʔistelahaḱi | -īni | -ijē |
| Construct state | lēta- | lētā- | ʔisteleḱa- | ʔistelahaḱa- | - | - |
Verbs
Stem markers mainly marked aktionsart:
- ʔ- dynamic
- infix allomorphs: (Vcreaky)1 telic, 1V(creaky)l2V3 iterative
- ŋ- causative
- s-infix: to do in advance
- various reduplications for "a little", gradual, frequentative or "too much"
| Stem | Intransitive | Transitive | Applicative | Transgressive | Verbal noun |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a-stem | *1i2a3 | *-(e)12a3 | *-1in2a3 | *1a2ā3 | *1a2ī3i, *1e2ī3i |
| e-stem | *1a2e3 | *-12e3 | *-1in2e3 | *ʔa1e2ā3 | *12e3eḱi |
| ʔ-prefix stem | *ʔa12e3 | *-ʔa12u3 | *-ʔi1en2i3 | *ʔa12ā3 | *ʔa12ē3i |
| ŋ-prefix stem | *ŋa12e3 | *-ŋ1a2u3 | *-ŋ1in2i3 | *ŋa12ā3 | *12ū3eḱi |
| š-infix stem | *1aš2e3 | *-1aš2u3 | *-1išin2o3 | *1aš2ā3 | *1aš2ē3i |
| ʔ-infix stem | *1aʔ2e3 | *-1aʔ2u3 | *-1iʔin2i3 | *1aʔ2ā3 | *te1aʔ2e3i |
| 2-redup | *21a2e3 | *-2a12u3 | *-21in2u3 | *21a2ā3 | *21a23eḱi |
| 3-redup | *1i2a3e3 | *-1a23u3 | *-1in2i3u3 | *1a2a3ā3 | *12a3ē3i |
| 13-redup | *1i31a2e3 | *-1i3a12u3 | *-1i31in2u3 | *1i31a2ā3 | *1i31a2ē3 |
Derivation
- Noun patterns: 1a23, 1i23, 1u23, 1a22ū3, 1a2a3, 1a2i2, 1a2u3, ŋa12ū3, 1ā2a3, 1ī2a3, 1ī2ī3, 1ī2ū3
- 1aʔ2ū3 = adjective relating to personal qualities
- ʔe12ā3 = agent noun
- 1iʔ2i3 = resultatives
- 1aʔ2e3 = tendency/quality of X
- 1iʔ2a3 = degree/measure
- -ām = augmentative (source of -om in Naeng and Eevo)
- -ān = abstract noun, collective
- 1a2ī3 = quality adjective
- 1u2a3 = resultative adjective
- 1e2ā3 = event
- śi12ū3 = event
- tawa12a3
- śi12a3/śi12i3 = instrument
- wa12ē3/wa12ī3 = profession
- ti12a3/ti12e3 = process
- wa12ū3 = patient noun
- wa12ā3 = resultative noun
Syntax
Proto-Idavic was rigidly head-initial with a morphosyntax similar to Lushootseed or Austronesian. Most present-day Idavic languages (except Netagin) are less head-initial.