Latirdo
Latirdo (Latirdan kess/ψoⱶιɥҷoⱱ ϑ϶ƽƽ [latiːɾdan kɛsː]) is a fictional language developed for use in books including "Ulmusea" by Sihithe Avralte. Latirdo is spoken by close to 9 million people in Latirda, it's fictional theoretical place of origin. The language comes from the family sub-group West-Isiat and is grouped closely and is almost mutually intelligible with several other West-Isiat languages, such as "Leitídu", "Sukkista Isiat", and "Tehteluo". This language has been being constructed for over a year now and its dictionary has gotten to 3,200 words. Latirdo traditionally uses the Isialuior Script, but for ease of reading and typing, in this article the Latin Script is used to write.
Phonology
Latirdo is traditionally written using the Isialuior script, but the Latin Script is used for this article
CONSONANTS
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | t d | k | ʔ | |||
| Fricative | β | v f θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | ɤ | h | |
| Affricate | dð | ts | tʃ dʒ | ||||
| Lateral | lʷ | l | |||||
| Tap/flap | ɾ | ||||||
| Approximant | w | j | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Trill | ʀ |
VOWELS
| Front | Central | Back | |
| High | i iː | ʏ ʏː | u uː |
| Mid | ɛ eː | ʌ | ɔ oː |
| Low | æ | a aː |
-accented vowels are pronounced twice as long as normal
Orthography
| Front | Central | Back | |
| High | i, í | ü, ű | u, ú |
| Mid | e, é | ö | o, ó |
| Low | ä | a á |
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | t d | k | ||||
| Fricative | b | v f þ ð | s z | x j | g | h | |
| Affricate | dð | ts | tx dj | ||||
| Lateral | lw | l | |||||
| Tap/flap | r | ||||||
| Approximant | w | y | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | n(k) | ||||
| Trill | rr |
Morphology
Latirdo is an agglutinative / fusional language, straddling the two categories. The rule is that if it's one idea, it's one word, and crazily long words can be made by not only making compound words but conjugating and declining to add on length. The longest recorded "official" compound is murniarkavatiellanlatsukkusutaihtunovinitivintodussuyukkéodustalle, and that means with the deciduous forest's admirable official general's office building's big windows.
Grammar
Nouns
In Latirdo, nouns can be declined according to case, and number. And because of the subject and object marking with case, syntax is very flexible although it usually follows a pattern of SVO.
Noun Cases
| CASE | Singular | Plural | Suffix |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Lira | Lirat | none |
| Accusative | Liret | Liratet | -t, -et |
| Genitive | Liran | Liraten | -n, -en |
| Comitative | Liralte | Liratalle | -lte, -alle |
| Vocative | Liras | Lirates | -s, -es |
Pluralization
There are two numbers: singular, and plural. A noun is default singular alone, and requires a suffix to denote plurality, the suffix changes depending on the final letter of the noun, and nouns are pluralized BEFORE their case is specified.
lira → lirat (ending in -rV)
mluss → mlusst (ending in -s)
kava → kavar (ending in -V)
kúan → kúanar (ending in -nasal consonant)
ajor → ajorat (ending in -r)
tok → tokre (ending in plosive)
kiz → kizd (ending in -z)
-note for accusative with type A, the first listed, the final vowel is changed automatically to -e to differentiate from the plural, as both are defined with the suffix -t
Diminutive and Empowering
Nouns, before pluralization and declension, can take on a suffix denoting smallness, the diminutive, or largeness, the empowering.
diminutive -edis empowering -odus
lira → house, liredis → little house / cottage; lirodus → big house / mansion
-note the final vowel is changed to the first vowel of the suffix*
Adjectives
Adjective endings are changed depending on the gender of the noun they describe. Noun classes - or genders - in Latirdo have adjectives take the following forms
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Animate | lasið | lasirþ |
| Inanimate | lasiþ | lasirþ |
| Abstract | lasisk | lasirþ |
Nouns Derived from Adjectives
The simple suffix -e can be put on the end of any adjective in its default INANIMATE form to make it a noun possessing the quality denoted by the adjective.
goáiþ → red
goáiþe → "the red one"
these nouns can be declined and pluralized just like any other noun.
Adverbs
Adverbs in Latirdo are non-existent and the regular adjectives are simply used because they can describe both nouns and verbs, although since verbs do not have gender, the adjective takes the default -þ for INANIMATE ending.
Numerals
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 20 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | nei | mú | kej | xa | loi | góa | kóa | suvi | dra | vér | vernei | vermú | múver | kejver |
| Ordinal | neiþ | múlþ | keiþ | xaþ | loiþ | góaþ | kóaþ | suviþ | draþ | vereþ | verneiþ | vermúlþ | múvereþ | kejvereþ |
| Fractional | ómi | ximua | xikua | xixua | xilua | xigoua | xikoua | xidraua | xiverua | xiverneua | xivermua | xiverkua | xiverxua | xiverlua |
| Example | 40 | 100 | 200 | 1,000 | 10,000 | 1,000,000 | 0 | |||||||
| Number | xaver | dóyu | múdóyu | verdóyu | dóyuverdóyu | tuttu | ulla | |||||||
| Ordinal | xavereþ | dóyuþ | múdóyuþ | verdóyuþ | dóyuverdóyuþ | tuttuþ | ullaþ | |||||||
| Fractional | xixaverua | xidóyua | ximúdóyua | xiverdóyua | xidóyuverdóyua | xituttua | semi |
Verbs
Verbs are by far the most complex part of speech in Latirdo, as every verb can have up to five hundred and some possible conjugations, since person, number, and mood are all denoted in the conjugation via prefixing and suffixing. Instead of building onto conjugation making long, incredibly complex verb forms, one may use the default verb "ft-" for mood and the verb done by the subject with conjugation.
Conjugation
| ↓person↓ | Pluperfect | Past perfect | Perfect | Past | Recent | Present | Future | Imminent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | mlimeksi | mlimelessa | mlimessa | mlimel | mlimelli | mlime | mlimetti | mlimettili |
| 2sg | mlimoksi | mlimolossa | mlimossa | mlimol | mlimolli | mlimo | mlimotti | mlimottili |
| 3sg | mlimaksi | mlimalassa | mlimassa | mlimal | mlimalli | mlima | mlimatti | mlimattili |
| 3sg inan. | mlimauksi | mlimulussa | mlimaussa | mlimul | mlimulli | mlimau | mlimautti | mlimauttili |
| 1pl | mlimemiksi | mlimemilessa | mlimensa | mlimemil | mlimemilli | mlimem | mlimenti | mlimentili |
| 2pl | mlimomiksi | mlimomilossa | mlimonsa | mlimomil | mlimomilli | mlimom | mlimonti | mlimontili |
| 3pl | mlimamiksi | mlimamilassa | mlimansa | mlimamil | mlimamilli | mlimam | mlimanti | mlimantili |
| 1pl inc. | mliméoksi | mliméolossa | mliméossa | mliméol | mliméolli | mliméo | mliméotti | mliméottili |
regular verb in use: mlim- (to drink)
inc. - inclusive; inan. - inanimate
Progressive tense
the progressive tense is denoted by adding the particle "sa" after the verb, and can be added onto any verb with any conjugation and tense.
Moods
| Mood | Latirdo | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Normal indicative | kuote | I want |
| Interrogative | lükuote | do I want? |
| Negative | uy-kuote | I do not want |
| Imperative | kuotenü | I must want |
| Possible | kuotenus | I may/can want |
-if moods are to be used together, they are to be attached in the order that they are displayed in the chart. -moods are indicated AFTER personal and tense conjugation
Infinitive
The infinitive in Latirdo is formed by adding -ea or -rea on the end of the stem depending on if it ends in a vowel (except for u-), or not. If yes, the latter is used, if no, the former.
ai- → airea
kuot- → kuotea
vin- → vinea
mi- → mirea
Infinitives can also be treated like nouns, and can be declined, like in the sentence (I like to read) one would use the form "luea" as a noun, taking the COOMITATIVE case as is require with the verb "mirea", it would become (Eté mie luealte
ZERO PERSON
it is formed by putting verb in 3rd person singular conjugation with any tense and mood needed, then adding hyphenated '-nei', meaning 'one' onto the end Example: One cannot think here. Uy-pivanus-nei étte.
Irregular Verbs
There are charted 15 irregular verbs in Latirdo, making it fairly low on irregularities. the following common verbs are irregular... airea, vintea, iestea, islairea, namea, ðoirea, erea. In this article, they will not be conjugated.
Pronouns
PERSONAL
| Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Comitative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | eté | es | en | elte |
| 2sg | otó | os | on | olte |
| 3sg | atá | as | an | alte |
| 3sg inan. | űr | űret | űn | űlte |
| 1pl | enté | est | eng | emalle |
| 2pl | ontó | ost | ong | omalle |
| 3pl | antá | ast | ang | amalle |
| 1pl inc. | etéo | eost | eon | eolle |
| 1+2+3 | itoi | oist | oinen | oille |
-there is no gender distinction in pronouns
RELATIVE
| interrogative | conjunctive | this... | that... | none... | every/all... | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PERSON | mar | marmu | marí | marú | semar | ðumar |
| THING | mer | mermu | tai | tai | semer | ðumer |
| TIME | mor | mormu | mori | urú | semor | ðumor |
| PLACE | muér | muérmu | étte | ótte, urú | semuér | ðumuér |
| REASON | mirki | mirkimu | mirkí | mirkú | semirki | ðumirki |
| MEANS | miriga | mirig(a)mu | mirigí | mirigú | semiriga | ðumiriga |
NOTE ON CONJUNCTIVE: In the conjunctive to say for example "with he who", one would use the conjunctive of person "marmu" and decline the "mar" to "malle" to get "mallemu - with he who", and this can be done with any of them by removing -r and adding -lle (mallemu, mellemu, mirkillemu, muéllemu) this also is done for accusative and other cases (metmu, matmu, muétmu).
CASES: Often pronouns are declined, which is done by removing -r and adding -t, which is a fairly simple rule. This chart only shoes the pronouns in their NOMINATIVE form. For example, to say "what are you doing?", the "what" is in the accusative, so mer → met (met oiro sa?)
Prepositions
Prepositions in Latirdo work the same way as they do in English. Here are some prepositions...
ðu - in
arðu - into
el - of
mlá - away from
geue - by
algeue - alongside
uf - over
el nuvu el - under
okxi - next to
el nóy (el) - outside
ðu þrú (el) - inside
ar - to
tilla - through
ulja - across
lúm - in terms of
Language Examples
Article one of the Universal Human Rights Declaration...
Óm ajorat nolam horþ su vartarþ lúm sástolla su kuórmia. Antá fam malirþ tiyot su tissodat su faramassanü safkailanívkualte.
First paragraph of the book "Ulmusea"
Femil toirþ ar tuðen jertar geue póvifojna uiknavissiþ el toroskira mu kaksal sa ar enté oz ivuttariar fíttaralle. Iss su iss aréjmemil, sti ðumor ugamil est. Uy-erul skúa nurkentiedis mu kassolnamil eng naset. Sti ftamil ðu tuss su siesodus. Sies erul xo el eng árastre, űret mu uy-gúremilus úai listrosemilus, ðumor holkemiksi sa ar kiri, merur quéar semor vinamiksi el fea nurkairþ. Okonar tiffarmisinamil, dauestottar ftamil véo, tvuirat iz essirirþ ar enté famil polstirþ.
(σ϶өιψ ⱶơιɥƿ oɥ ⱶɞӈ϶ⱱ ҧ϶ɥⱶoɥ ɤ϶ɞ϶ ϱớϻισơҧⱱo ɞιϑⱱoϻιƽƽιƿ ϶ψ ⱶơɥơƽϑιɥo өɞ ϑoϑƽoψ ƽo oɥ ϶ⱱⱶɜ̃ ơƨ ιϻɞⱶⱶoɥιoɥ σíⱶⱶoɥoψψ϶. ιƽƽ ƽɞ ιƽƽ oɥɜ̃ҧө϶өιψ, ƽⱶι ӈɞөơɥ ɞɤoөιψ ϶ƽⱶ. ɞԇ-϶ɥɞψ ƽϑɞ᾿o ⱱɞɥϑ϶ⱱⱶι϶ҷιƽ өɞ ϑoƽƽơψⱱoөιψ ϶ⱱɤ ⱱoƽ϶ⱶ. ƽⱶι σⱶoөιψ ӈɞ ⱶɞƽƽ ƽɞ ƽι϶ƽơҷɞƽ. ƽι϶ƽ ϶ɥɞψ ɕơ ϶ψ ϶ⱱɤ óɥoƽⱶɥ϶, үүɥ϶ⱶ өɞ ɞԇ-ɤɞ᾿ɥ϶өιψɞƽ ɞ᾿oι ψιƽⱶɥơƽ϶өιψɞƽ, ӈɞөơɥ ɂơψϑ϶өιϑƽι ƽo oɥ ϑιɥι, ө϶ɥɞɥ ϑɞɜ̃oɥ ƽ϶өơɥ ϻιⱱoөιϑƽι ϶ψ σ϶o ⱱɞɥϑoιɥƿ. ơϑơⱱoɥ ⱶισσoɥөιƽιⱱoөιψ, ҷoɞ϶ƽⱶơⱶⱶoɥ σⱶoөιψ ϻɜ̃ơ, ⱶϻɞιɥoⱶ ιƨ-϶ƽƽ϶ψιɥƿ oɥ ϶ⱱⱶɜ̃ σoөιψ ϱơψƽⱶιɥƿ.)
Poem "Vola Niéskask/ϻơψo ⱱιɜ̃ƽϑoƽϑ"
Tamarkka ðol yukka yohrau yask tuér
Kío ðol kuyuri narfau hifnodus skataér
Elvonedis akkistaþ fai gyalau voltrut essen
Tuss varrau osstiot noissa sei el eupre kessen
Mlá þtór tovoku aislaeiraussa sti sanvau sa
Kúi mu pául norrau fai uterkiaussu sa
Skúa kíonarfi ðumor faunus hrákaþ
Fai enté lemü kaksiþ olliþet alakaþ
Volyor se vinir uy-siletisam ar enté
Su fai enté ruskemü messimu ollautti téi
Fai enté dafikemus eng eupret se aumea
Su fai enté eumem lopkat ast luea
Fai enté kottinem ar tuðaren gafsar
Su fai enté raksem pául kizet niéskarþ.
(transliteration)
ⱶoөoɥϑϑo ӈơψ ԇɞϑϑo ԇơɂɥoɞ ԇoƽϑ ⱶɞɜ̃ɥ
ϑíơ ӈơψ ϑɞԇɞɥι ⱱoɥσoɞ ɂισⱱơҷɞƽ ƽϑoⱶoɜ̃ɥ
϶ψϻơⱱ϶ҷιƽ oϑϑιƽⱶoƿ σoι ɤԇoψoɞ ϻơψⱶɥɞⱶ ϶ƽƽ϶ⱱ
ⱶɞƽƽ ϻoɥɥoɞ ơƽƽⱶιơⱶ ⱱơιƽƽo ƽ϶ι ϶ψ ϶ɞϱɥ϶ ϑ϶ƽƽ϶ⱱ
өψó ƿⱶớɥ ⱶơϻơϑɞ ιƽψo϶ιɥoɞƽƽo ƽⱶι ƽoⱱϻoɞ ƽo
ϑɞ᾿ι өɞ ϱóɞψ ⱱơɥɥoɞ σoι ɞⱶ϶ɥϑιoɞƽƽɞ ƽo
ƽϑɞ᾿o ϑíơⱱoɥσι ӈɞөơɥ σoɞⱱɞƽ ɂɥóϑoƿ
σoι ϶ⱱⱶɜ̃ ψ϶өү ϑoϑƽιƿ ơψψιƿ϶ⱶ oψoϑoƿ
ϻơψԇơɥ ƽ϶ ϻιⱱιɥ ɞԇ-ƽιψ϶ⱶιƽoө oɥ ϶ⱱⱶɜ̃
ƽɞ σoι ϶ⱱⱶɜ̃ ɥɞƽϑ϶өү ө϶ƽƽιөɞ ơψψoɞⱶⱶι ⱶɜ̃ι
σoι ϶ⱱⱶɜ̃ ҷoσιϑ϶өɞƽ ϶ⱱɤ ϶ɞϱɥ϶ⱶ ƽ϶ oɞө϶o
ƽɞ σoι ϶ⱱⱶɜ̃ ϶ɞө϶ө ψơϱϑoⱶ oƽⱶ ψɞ϶o
σoι ϶ⱱⱶɜ̃ ϑơⱶⱶιⱱ϶ө oɥ ⱶɞӈoɥ϶ⱱ ɤoσƽoɥ
ƽɞ σoι ϶ⱱⱶɜ̃ ɥoϑƽ϶ө ϱóɞψ ϑιƨⱶ ⱱιɜ̃ƽϑoɥƿ