Caryatic

Caryatic was dreamed up by Iustinus in between taking notes for Andrew Sihler's "Comparative Grammar: Indo-European Phonology," in fall of 1997. It was first committed to computer on Dec. 11 of that year. Work continued on and off until late 2003. The language remained largely dormant until 2013, when work resumed, albeit at an absurdly glacial pace.

"Sanakas" Upā-a pid âdi-ra???

The language was never fully complete, and much has been lost. As a result, much of this article will be necessarily vague or uncertain.

Inspiration

The original inspiration was to "reverse engineer" the reconstruction of Indo-European from its daughter languages—which felt like an amazing new idea at the time, but which I now know as one of the most common sorts of conlang. I had actually attempted this a couple times before (ðɛ̃ʃwa ɛ̃nɛ̃nõta, "Indo-Tonal), but never with the depth of knowledge I had acquired from my graduate-level Historical Linguistics classes.

Like most of my conlangs, it draws much inspiration from the classical languages, but has broader influence from the rest of the Indo-European family. The three-vowel system was at least partially inspired by Sanskrit's propensity for the phoneme /a/.

Involvement of other conlangers

Among other conlangers, the following have been involved in some way:

• David Salo was probably the first conlanger ever to see the language. He was the earliest fan and critic of the language, and, furthermore, enjoyed proposing material for it. He submitted two proposals for the writing system, and at least one map. None of these ever became official, though I had intended to use them as a basis for whatever did.
• Eric Christopherson was another early fan. He received a letter (snail-mail, if I remember right) containing a number of my language files with a cover-letter describing them all. This seems to have been around fall 1998. After various system upgrades and harddrive crashes resulted in barely legible files he even created his own version of the Caryatic file, which corrects some errors and gathers some materials that I had missed.
• Nicomega probably first learned of the language in the mid 20-aughts, but never got to see all the materials. He was enjoying trying to piece things together from the fragments I gave him, and as of April 2014 was even working on a "Caryatic Report," writing up a description of the language, like some sort of scholar working from limited ancient evidence. He therefore is simultaneously excited and disappointed to see me posting a fullish description here.

Goals

Tai Kāriātās τὰς Καρυάτιδας sasaihant-ra?

Caryatic is a deliberate break from my previous conlanging work. Seeking to go in the opposite direction, I gave it a small phonetic inventory, few cases, and a name right from the start.

In the real world, the name "Caryatic" was certainly inspired by the word caryatid, but its in-story etymology is unclear. The speakers of the language are sometimes referred to by the Pseudo-Latin name "Caryates" (implying Caryatic *Kāriātas). It is likely that caryatids exist in-story, and quite plausible that they were invented by the Caryates. Perhaps this is a coincidence. (Note as well that the Greek word contains plain stops, while the name of Caryatic uses aspirated ones.)

Evaluation

Unlike many conlangers, I do not like to revise my languages. So if there are problems, I tend to be stuck with them. Here are some issues with Caryatic:

• I may have overdone the small case system.
• The tense/aspect system is a bit confused.
• A lot of the sound changes seem wildly implausible.
• In particular, while "sigmatization" seemed like a cool idea at the time, it now strikes me as confusing and generally a pain.
• I was not very careful about the ordering of the soundlaws, resulting in many contradictions.
• David Salo has suggested that it is unrealistic that the stops are never voiced under any conditions. (Perhaps I should make a rule that the unaspirated stops retain voicing when adjacent to a sonorant? In any case this is not the rule as things stand.)
• It's one thing to change to postpositions, but having the Indo-European prepositions simply "reverse polarity" and go after the noun phrases they used to go before seems a bit unlikely.

Setting

Caryatic is from a thus-far still unnamed conworld, based loosely on the ancient Mediterranean. The premise is that this world has the same language families as earth, but different daughter languages. The following languages are known to exist:

• Indo-European
  • Samasian
    • • Caryatic (Detailed)
      • Bataic (sketched)
    • • Aduric (roughly sketched)
      • Melavian (roughly sketched)
  • • Elerain (sketched)

• Afro-Asiatic
  • Semitic
    • Safuntic (named only)
  • Timuric (pretty much identical to Ancient Egyptian, since reconstructing the vowels makes it something of a conlang in itself)

In the context of this world, Caryatic roughly takes the place of Greek and Latin, Elerain that of Latin and Germanic. Safuntic takes the place of Phoenician, Timuric that of Egyptian.

the Samasian language family

The branch of Indo-European to which Caryatic belongs is called "Samasian." Three other Samasian languages have been named and loosely sketched: Aduric, Melavian, and Bataic. Here are some select isoglosses:

	Caryatic	Aduric	Melavian	Bataic
Sheep	āvis	u[w]is	ûïs	awis
Dog	kū, kun-	punas	pû, pun-	kwan
Horse	ākus	ipas	ipus	akwar
Clan	gānās	jinas, jinis-	dinus, dinis-	ganar
Darkness	rābs	ribas	ribus	ravar

Of the three non-Caryatic Samasian languages, the only one described in any detail was Bataic, Caryatic's nearest relative. Bataic is the native language of the Alfagīnakā region, which has been under Caryatic rule for "nearly 200 years." The capital of Alfagīnakā, from which Bataic gets its name, is Bātavaiks (Bataic Ɛbatawækar), in turn named after its patron goddess Bātā (Ɛbata).

the Caryatic pantheon

The following deities are known:

• Gaus, Gaupitār, king of the Gods.
• Bātā, an unpredictable goddess, with a cult center at Bātavaiks.
• Vitravān, god (or, more likely, demigod) of war.
• Pārsavaka, goddess of agriculture.
• Dinas Glānaras the twin sons of Gaus.

Geography

The setting, like the Mediterranean it is based on features three continents: Arūvā, Asūyā, and Labūyā. Some geographical names that have been specified include:

Arūvā Vātillā Trasin Lābusās Alfagīnakā (province) Bātavaiks (provincial capital) (Other Caryatic cities, whose province has not been specified) Lākas (imperial capital) Turukaims

Asūyā Tivisā Timilās Vilisā Suardā Mādapīsāyā Īriā

Labūyā Sahhurmā Labu Kimis Timuris Kāsapa (Asis?)

Phonology

Orthography

Caryatic is believed to be written in an alphabetical system, which indicates vowel quantities. Two proposals for this system were submitted by David Salo, but both have been lost. There is some hope they might some day be recovered (perhaps with the proposed maps he drew).

The standard transcription works as follows:

Transcription	IPA
a	[a]
ā, â	[ɑː]
b	[p]
d	[t]
f	[f ~ v]
g	[k]
h	[x ~ ɣ]
i	[i], [j]
ī, î	[iː]
k	[kʰ]
l	[ɫ]
m	[m]
n	[n]
p	[pʰ]
r	[rʲ], [ʀʲ]
s	[s ~ z]
t	[tʰ]
u	[u], [w]
ū, û	[uː]
v, ϕ	[ϕ ~ β]
y	[j]

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Stops	p [pʰ] b [p]		t [tʰ] d [t]		k [kʰ] g [k]
Fricatives	v, ϕ [ϕ ~ β]	f [f ~ v]	s [s ~ z]		h [x ~ ɣ]
Nasal	m [m]		n [n]
Glide	u [w]			i, y [j]

Allophonic variation

• Voicing:
  1. Vowels are always voiced. Stops are always voiceless. Resonants default to voiced, and fricatives to voiceless.
  2. Resonants lose their voicing when adjacent to stops.
  3. Fricatives are voiced between voiced sounds.

• S-Assimilation:
  • Alveolars and nasals are dropped before an /s/, usually without compensatory lengthening. Note, however, that when an s is removed [see Sigmatization below] these segments normally reappear.

• Sigmatization:
  • An aspirate stop preceded by an /s/ deaspirates, and the /s/ drops with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel. (The transcription sometimes—albeit inconsistently—marks this by using a circumflex instead of a macron on the lengthened vowel. However, more often than not, circumflex is used ubiquitously)
  • While this process does occur across word boundaries, note that if a word begins with /s/ followed immediately by a stop, it is often lexicalized in the asigmatic form, and compensatory lengthening is unlikely to occur. Furthermore, the dropping of the s at the end of a word often allows elements which had dropped [i.e. alveolars and nasals] to reassert themselves.

• Nasal assimilation: [Note that these sound laws are, for the most part, not reflected in the standard orthography]
  1. Nasals drop before homoörganic sounds, with nasalization of the previous vowel. (For the purpose of this rule, /n/ counts as homoörganic to both alveolar and velar sounds)
  2. Nasals assimilate to the place of the following sound.

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	ī, î [iː] i [i]		ū, û [uː] u [u]
Low		ā, â [ɑː] a [a]

Allophonic variation

• Hiatus
  • Two vowels in hiatus (i.e. ones that are adjacent, but do not form a diphthong) are separated by an epenthetic [ɦ]. This is not reflected in the standard orthography.

Accent

The accent is probably pitch-based, rather than stress-based, but this is uncertain. It is assigned as follows:

1. Accent falls on the long vowel nearest the beginning of the word (not counting clitics).
2. If there are no long vowels, accent falls on the first syllable.

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns have three cases: nominative, genitive, and accusative (or, more accurately, "oblique.) In addition to the radical reduction of cases, case endings tend to undergo irregular sound changes that greatly shorten them. This causes nouns to behave in a fairly unpredictable manner—it can be very difficult indeed to guess a noun's declension class from the nominative alone, far more so than in, say, Latin.

o-stems

This is the most common declension class.

Masculine

		ups "wolf"	ākus "horse"	anitus "breath	nis "nest"	pātās "winged creature"
Singular	Nominative	ups	ākus	anitus	nis	pātās
	Genitive	upah	ākuah	anitlah	nisdah	pātnah
	Oblique	up	āku	anitu	nisd	pātna
Plural	Nominative	upās	ākuās	anitlās	nisdās	pātnās
	Genitive	upam	ākuam	anitlam	nisdam	pātnam
	Oblique	upas	ākuas	anitlas	nisdas	pātnas

The nominative is effectively replaced by the oblique when "sigmatization" occurs. The oblique is also used for the vocative, at least in the singular.

dīus subtype

Dīus "god" declines somewhat irregularly and is marked by its genitive in -uh:

		dīus "god"
Singular	Nominative	dīus
	Genitive	dīuh
	Oblique	dīu
Plural	Nominative	dīūs
	Genitive	dīūm
	Oblique	dīvas

The neuter noun pāpu "wheel" has, for unknown reasons, the genitive pāpluh. It is unknown if it shares the other irregularities of dīus.

Neuter

		yug "yoke"	miti "murder"	kavi "staff
Singular	Nominative	yug	miti	kavi
	Genitive	yugah	mitrah	kaulah
	Oblique	yug	miti	kavi
Plural	Nominative	yugā	mitrā	kaulā
	Genitive	yugam	mitram	kaulam
	Oblique	yugā	mitrā	kaulā

consonant and i-stems

This class uses the nominative for direct address.

I have traditionally analyzed i-stems as a subclass of the consonant declension, but that may be undue influence from Greek and Latin.

Masculine and Feminine

		Basic			Pater-type	i-stem
		sūr "door"	kū "dog"	dikās "dragon"	patār "father"	hātmis "ring"
Singular	Nominative	sūr	kū	dikās	patār	hātmis
	Genitive	sūras	kunas	dikāntas	patras	hātmiās
	Oblique	sūra	kuna	dikānta	patārn	hātmin
Plural	Nominative	sūras	kunas	dikāntas	patāras	hātmias(?)
	Genitive	sūram	kunam	dikāntam	patāram	hātmiām
	Oblique	sūras	kunas	dikantas	patāras	hātmias(?)

Neuter

		Basic		r/n-stem		mn̥-stem
		gānās "clan"	kār "heart"	yāpi "liver"	numir "lung"	kanma "spell"
Singular	Nominative	gānās	kār	yāpi	numir	kanma
	Genitive	gānāsas	kidas	yāpinas	numanas	kanmanas
	Oblique	gānās	kār	yāpi	numir	kanma
Plural	Nominative	gānāsā	kidā	yāpinā	numanā	kanmanā
	Genitive	gānāsam	kidam	yāpinam	numanam	kanmanam
	Oblique	gānāsā	kidā	yāpinā	numanā	kanmanā

It is not known if there are any neuter i-stems.

u-stems

		Masculine/Feminine	Neuter
		sūnus "sun"	turu "beech"
Singular	Nominative	sūnus	turu
	Genitive	sūnus	turus
	Oblique	sūnun	turu
Plural	Nominative	sūnus	turuā?
	Genitive	sūnum	turum
	Oblique	sūnus	turuā?

eH₂-stems

This class, overwhelmingly feminine, is quite simple. The one complication is that a few words have a short a in the nominative as well as the oblique (a vestige of the devī-type.)

		bānā "woman"	putaviă "earth, plane"
Singular	Nominative	bānā	putavia
	Genitive	bānās	putaviās
	Oblique	bāna	putavia
Plural	Nominative	bānās	putaviās?
	Genitive	bānām	putaviām?
	Oblique	bānas	putavias

Adjectives

The majority of adjectives decline like o-stems in the masculine and neuter, and like eH₂-stems in the feminine. The feminine stem is often irregular, or rather slightly different from the masculine and neuter stem. Note that even when the feminine form appears to have arisen historically from a devī-stem, the final -ā is still long (e.g. kās, kānt, kānkā "last"—not, as one might expect, *kānkă.)

None of the adjectives in my original file appear to decline as consonant stems, or any other paradigm. It is unknown if this is a general feature of the language, or if I simply never got to designing any consonant-stem adjectives. But it seems that even nouns derived from present participles (e.g. isās, isāntah "being") decline as o-stems.

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

		1	2	3
				m	n	f
Singular	Nominative	igu	tū	is	id	ī
	Genitive	mama	tava	āh
	Oblique	ma	tua	i	id	ī
Plural	Nominative	vī	yūs	īas	ī	īas
	Genitive	asam	usam	īsam
	Oblique	asma	usma	ins	ī	īns

The original file gives "enclitic" forms for the first and second person pronouns, but I never decided when and how they would be used.

Demonstrative pronouns

The third person personal pronouns are etymologically demonstratives, and may still be used this way.

The language presumably has other demonstratives, but they have yet to be described.

Articles

The definite article is extremely common, and is used in many cases where no article would be used in English.

		m	n	f
Singular	Nominative	sā	tād	sī̆
	Genitive	tah		tasīs
	Oblique	tā	tād	ti
Plural	Nominative	tai	ti	tis
	Genitive	taisam		tisam
	Oblique	tāns	ti	tins

Verbs

Regular verbs have three principal parts:

1. The present indicative stem
2. The perfect indicative stem
3. The perfect participle stem

Four tenses have been described at this point: the present, the imperfect the perfect and the aorist. Formally, the present and imperfect are formed off the present stem (though the imperfect has the "augment" prefix a-), and the perfect and aorist off the perfect stem. Conversely the present and perfect use the Indo-European "primary" endings, and the imperfect and aorist the "secondary" endings. Functionally, this allegedly reflects the combination of time and aspect, as follows:

	Imperfective aspect	Perfective aspect
Present time	"Present" tense	"Perfect" tense
Past time	"Imperfect" tense	"Aorist" tense

However, it is not clear that this theory holds up when compared to the existing corpus.

To Carry
Present stem		Present		Imperfect
		Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
	1	fāru	fārāms	afāram	afārama	1
	2	fārasi	fāratis	afāras	afārata	2
	3	fārī	fāranti	afāra	afārant	3
Perfect stem		Perfect		Aorist
		Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
	1	fafāru	fafārāms	fafāram	fafārama	1
	2	fafārasi	fafāratis	fafāras	fafārata	2
	3	fafārī	fafāranti	fafāra	fafārant	3
	Primary endings			Secondary endings

Irregular Verbs

There are two known irregular verbs, āsmi "be" and vāl(i)mi "want." In addition to being generally irregular, they share the following characteristics:

1. They derive from Indo-European -mi paradigms.
2. They lack the perfective/imperfective distinction, having only a "present" and "aorist" tense.
3. The "aorist" is suppletive.
4. They have enclitic forms in the present tense These are used in subordinate clauses, e.g.: kūs āsi-ga "you are a fish," but kūs âtti "that you are a fish."

It is not known if all Irregular verbs share all these features, nor whether there are any regular verbs that have any of them.

To Be
Present		Singular		Plural
		Tonic	Enclitic	Tonic	Enclitic
	1	ā́smi-	-āmmi	ismā́s-	-ānnas
	2	ā́si-	-ātta	idā́-	-ādus
	3	ā́di-	-ādi	isā́nti-	-ādi
Aorist		Singular		Plural
	1	favam		fuama
	2	favas		fuata
	3	fava		fuant

To Want
Present		Singular		Plural
		Tonic	Enclitic	Tonic	Enclitic
	1	vā́l(i)mi-	-vāmma	vū́mās-	-vūnnas
	2	vā́l(i)si-	-vālta	vū́tā-	-vūltus
	3	vā́l(i)ti-	-vālti	vū́lānti-	-vūti
Aorist		Singular		Plural
	1	vākam		ukama
	2	vākas		ukata
	3	vāka		ukant

Syntax

Constituent order

Caryatic is strongly, nearly relentlessly, head-final. Basic word order is, therefore, SOV.

Noun phrase

Noun phrases go in the following order:

({Article}) ({Adective Phrase} or {genitive Noun Phrase}) Noun

Verb phrase

Verb phrases go in the following order

({indirect object} or {Prepositional Phrase}) ({direct object} or {dependent clause}) Verb

Sentence phrase

Kūs āsi-ra?

Kūs āsi-ra?

Main clauses end in sentence determiner, of which the following are known:

-ga		declarative
-ra		interrogative
-ya		imperative
-dā		exclamative

Thus:

• Kūs āsi-ga "You are a fish."
• Kūs āsi-ra? "Are you a fish?"
• Kūs āsi-ya! "Be a fish!"
• Kūs āsi-dā! "You are a fish!"

There appears to be a particle -an for hypotheticals, but its usage is at present unclear.

Dependent clauses

Dependent clauses do not use sentence determiners, and are marked by the clitic form of the verb, if it has one.

Example texts

Letter to The Salos

Sent to David and Dorothea Salo, this letter s actually a slightly modified version of one originally written for Andrew Sihler. Both versions were likely sent in early January 1998.

Yūdīs Masfīus^[SIC] tās Salūnas-ad

Ti taisam Kaimānam Pirâda-an āsmi. Sas vaiks anāï “Hell” nāma-sānt ādi-ga. Au sī pirâdā a “upānā” au kavānā âdi-ga. Ti mama dimba-sa garfu-ga. Tād āh nāma “Kāriātikā” âdi-ga. Igu tua ī-sa, tāssānt ī “Indaurupayā” âdi, garfu-ga. Tū pid hāsi-ra? Tū tī dimba gankasi-ra?

Justin Mansfield to the Salos

I am in the Cayman Islands. There is a town here named "Hell." But this island is not infernal but heavenly. I am writing you in my language. Its name is "Caryatic." I am writing you in it, because it is Indo-European. What do you think? Do you understand this language?

Pronunciation:

Yūdīs Masfīus tās Salūnas-ad

[ˈjuːtiːz masˈfiːws tʰɑːssaˈłuːnazat]

Ti taisam Kaimānam Pirâda-an āsmi.

[tʰitʰajzãŋ̊kʰajˈmɑːnã pʰiˈrʲɑːtahan ˈazmika]

Sas vaiks anāï “Hell" nāma-sānt âdi-ga.

[sas ϕajkʰs aˈnɑːɦi] “Hell” [ˈnɑːmazɑ̃ːt ˈɑːtika]

Sā tisam taisam Kaimānam Pirādām vaiks, Hell nāma-sānt.

Au sī pirâdā a “upānā” au kavānā âdi-ga.

[aw ˈziː pʰiˈrʲɑːta ɦa ɦuˈpʰɑːnaː ɦaw kʰaˈβɑːnɑː ˈɦɑːtika]

Ti mama dimba-sa garfu-ga.

[tʰiˈmama ˈtĩpaza ˈkarʲvuka]

Tād āh nāma “Kāriātikā” âdi-ga.

[tʰɑːˈtɑːɣ ˈnɑːma ˈkʰɑːrʲjɑːtʰiˌkʰɑː ˈɦɑːtika]

Igu tua ī-sa, tāssānt ī “Indaurupayā” âdi, garfu-ga.

[ˈiku tʰwa ˈɦiːza tʰɑːssɑ̃t iː ɦĩtawrʲupʰaˈjɑːɦaːti ˈkarʲvuka]

Tū pid hāsi-ra?

[tʰuː pʰit ˈxɑːzirʲa]

Tū tī dimba gankasi-ra?

[tʰuː tʰiː ˈtĩpa ˈkãkʰazirʲa]

The above text, read by David Salo: File:David Salo reads the Epistle to Sihler.wav

On Dragons

The original file notes that this is "[f]rom a manuscript found in the Dîvakunis Archives at Bâtavaiks," which implies that this is an elementary text for Bataic speakers learning Caryatic. This may explain the inconsistent marking of sigmatization.

Dikântam-anā
[tiˈkʰɑ̃ːtʰamaˌnɑː]

1. Ti taisâm tâmasram dikântam gânâsâ pâmpâ isânti-ga.
   [tʰitʰajzɑːn̥tʰɑːmazrʲan̥ tiˈkʰɑ̃ːtʰaŋ̊ ˈkɑːnɑːzɑː ˈpʰɑ̃ːpʰɑː ɦiˈzɑ̃ːtʰika]
2. Sâ âlfs dikâs^[SIC] ti snaiva-a dâmâî-ga.
   [sɑːˈɦɑːɫfs tiˈkʰɑ̃ː tiˈznajβaɦa ˈtɑːmɑːɦiːka]
3. Sâ âh anitus^[SIC] pâtâkâ praûs âdi-ga.
   [sɑːˈɦɑːɣ ˈanitʰuː ˈpɑːtʰɑːkʰɑː pʰr̥ʲaˈɦuːz ˈɑːtika]
4. Sâ nâks dikâs^[SIC] tis guarkan bântias-a raudî-ga,
   [sɑːˈnɑːkʰs tiˈkʰɑ̃ː tisˈkwar̥ʲkam ˈpɑːn̥tʰjaza rʲawˈtiːka]
5. Is sama siyinkâ akuarin âghârfî-pâ, [............] pâpi-ga.
   [is sama zijĩ'kʰɑː ˈɦakʰwarʲin ˈɑːkxɑːrʲviːpɑː] ...... [ˈpʰɑːpʰika]
6. Â, Tâ dârva-ân dâmâî dikânta, tâ hâl dikânta pîrîbâkyu-ya!
   [ɑː tʰɑːˈtɑːrʲvaɦɑ̃ː ˈtɑːmɑːɦiː tiˈkʰɑ̃ːtʰa tʰɑːˈɣɑːɫ̥ tiˈkʰɑ̃ːtʰa ˈpʰiːrʲiːpɑːkʰjuja]
7. Sâ âh anitû di-ta numanâ, tân-da âpa bâaisî.
   [sɑːˈɦaːɣ aniˈtʰuː titʰa numaˈnɑː tɑ̃ːta 'ɦɑːpʰa 'pɑːɦajziː]
8. Au sâ flaus dikâs^[SIC] tis savas sinktuas^[SIC] tâtikas-ân dâmâî-ga.
   [aw zɑː'vlaws tikɑ̃ː tisˈsaβas 'sĩkʰtʰwɑː 'tʰɑːtʰikʰazɑ̃ː 'tɑːmɑːɦiːka]
9. ...............................

Au sā raus dikās Gambria-a dāmāī-ga!

On Dragons

1. There are five kinds of evil dragons.
2. The white dragon lives in the snow
3. Its breath is deadly frost.
4. The black dragon lurks in muddy swamps.
5. It spits out a slick black acid, and eats [............].
6. Beware the dragon that lives in the forest, the green dragon!
7. Its breath burns the eyes and the lungs.
8. But the blue dragon dwells in the hot sandy deserts.
9. [It shoots a bolt of lightning from its mouth.]

External Links

• Caryatic on CALS