Historical Sound Changes from Proto-Germanic to East Germanic (ca. 400b.c.-0)

First Umlaut

Has to precede Mora Loss

Has to precede ŋ-deletion

Stage 1.

e > i / V[+str] … __[-str] ! {r,h⁽ʷ⁾,+

/e/ > /i/ when unstressed following a stressed vowel except before /r/, /h/, /hʷ/, or a morpheme boundary.

Stage 2.

e > i / __[+str] ! {r,h⁽ʷ⁾,+

/e/ > /i/ when stressed except before /r/, /h/, /hʷ/, or a morpheme boundary.

(Stage 3: See EGmc Reflex of 1st Umlaut.)

/ŋ/-Deletion

Vŋh > V[+lng, +nas]Øh

A vowel, followed by the sequence /ŋh/ (where /h/=[h,x]), becomes long and nasal and /ŋ/ is deleted (in all environments).

Intervocalic Spirantization

C[+vce,-cnt] > [+cnt] / V__V

In other words,

b,d,g > β,ð,γ / V__V

A voiced non-continuant consonant (i.e. a voiced stop) becomes continuant (i.e. a fricative) when intervocalic.

EGmc Reflex of 1st Umlaut

This rule is really "Stage 3" of First Umlaut, also called East Germanic Expansion of First Umlaut

i,u > e,o / __[+str]{r,h⁽ʷ⁾

/i/ becomes /e/ and /u/ becomes /o/ when stressed before /r/, /h/, or /hʷ/

Monophthongization of Unstressed /ai, au/

Has to precede Mora Loss

ai,au > ɛ̄,ɔ̄ / σ[-str]__[-str]Co#

Mora Loss

Coronal Consonant Deletion

Unstr. Final Short Vowel Deletion

Final Unstr. Long Vowel Shortening

Historical Sound Changes from East-Germanic to Gothic (ca. 0-400a.d.)

[these changes still need to be ordered correctly]

z-Deletion, Obstruent Devoicing

h-Deletion

Long Vowel Lowering

Glide Gemination (EGmc Verschärfung Stage I)

Glide Insertion

m-Assimilation

Change of Initial fl to þl

r,n-Dissimilation

Change of am to um, Post-tonic e to a

Thurneysen's Law

EGmc Verschärfung Stage II

Historical Sound Changes from Gothic to Old Gutish (ca. 400-800a.d.)

Expansion of Gothic Glide Insertion

Obstruent Devoicing (Persistent)

Geminate Simplification (Type I, Persistent)

Intervocalic Voiced Stop to Fricative Expansion

Stop Insertion after Nasals

Expansion of East Germanic /fl/-to-/θl/

Voicing and Devoicing of Obstruent Clusters

Clitic Separation

Geminate Simplification (Type II, Synchronic)

Short Vowel Lengthening

Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung

Long Diphthong Extension

Glide Deletion

Deletion of Final Unstressed /a/

Diphthong Changes

Historical Sound Changes from Old to Middle Gutish (ca. 800-1200a.d.)

Rejection of Greek Fricatives

Rhotacism

Stressed Long Vowel Raising

Vowel Tensing

Deletion and Assimilation of /h/

Palatalisation & Affrication

Unstressed Vowel Reduction and Deletion

Historical Sound Changes from Middle to Classical Gutish (ca. 1200-1600a.d.)

Unstressed Vowel Reduction and Deletion

Unpacking

Deletion of /b,f/

Deletion of /g/ between Nasals