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Íscégon: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Evandorian languages in Evandor.png|thumb|Present-day [[Evandorian languages]]: those shown in ochre are Íscégon's descendants. ''Kierışpası'' (in yellow) descends from Ancient Quanarian, a Central Evandorian language closely related to Íscégon.]] | [[File:Evandorian languages in Evandor.png|thumb|Present-day [[Evandorian languages]]: those shown in ochre are Íscégon's descendants. ''Kierışpası'' (in yellow) descends from Ancient Quanarian, a Central Evandorian language closely related to Íscégon.]] | ||
The '''Íscégon language''', natively '' | The '''Íscégon language''', natively ''cérosiu íscégunús'' [ˈkeːrosju iːsˈkeːɡunuːs]<!--(Cerian: ''esucéon'', ''sérešu esucéoné''; Besagren: ''issèu'', ''cèrissu issèunu'')-->, is an [[Evandorian languages|Evandorian language]], the main Classical language in the Western civilizations of [[Verse:Calémere|Calémere]].<br/> | ||
First spoken in central Évandor, in present-day Northern Ceria, where it developed from Proto-Common Evandorian, it was the language spread across most of the continent by the ancient ''Íscégon Empire''; for a long time after imperial times it still was the main language of culture of the whole continent and nowadays it still has - along with [[ancient Nivarese]], the language of ancient Nivaren - an important role in learned terminology in all Evandorian civilizations and, through influence of [[Cerian]] (Ísc.: ''Ciairegiion''; Cer.: ''Čérízon''), a descendant of Íscégon which has become through colonization the lingua franca in most of Calémere, in most languages of the planet. | First spoken in central Évandor, in present-day Northern Ceria, where it developed from Proto-Common Evandorian, it was the language spread across most of the continent by the ancient ''Íscégon Empire''; for a long time after imperial times it still was the main language of culture of the whole continent and nowadays it still has - along with [[ancient Nivarese]], the language of ancient Nivaren - an important role in learned terminology in all Evandorian civilizations and, through influence of [[Cerian]] (Ísc.: ''Ciairegiion''; Cer.: ''Čérízon''), a descendant of Íscégon which has become through colonization the lingua franca in most of Calémere, in most languages of the planet. | ||
As a Central Evandorian language, Íscégon shares many features with Ancient Quanarian (like definiteness of nouns expressed in verbs, only found in Central Evandorian and in Auralic (Southern)) as well as with most other languages of the family (except for the most divergent ones like Holenagic and to a lesser extent the Northern Evandorian languages), like the two-gender system, the lack of verbs declining for person, and SVO word order. However, | As a Central Evandorian language, Íscégon shares many features with Ancient Quanarian (like definiteness of nouns expressed in verbs, only found in Central Evandorian and in Auralic (Southern)) as well as with most other languages of the family (except for the most divergent ones like Holenagic and to a lesser extent the Northern Evandorian languages), like the two-gender system, the lack of verbs declining for person, and SVO word order. However, unlike other Central Evandorian languages (but like most other Evandorian ones), it has lost the vowel harmony characteristic of Proto-Evandorian, in the Íscégon case for a large number of vowel changes, mergers, and insertions that disrupted the original vowel harmony (cf. PEv *kerɁ–ưjs "tree" > Ísc. ''cérosiu'' "language"), as well as borrowings from other languages, notably Proto-Western-Evandorian (cf. PEv *srưbaŋ "wine" > PWE *šɯrbən, borrowed as Ísc. ''sierben'' or ''siorben'' "nectar", cf. the inherited word ''ruban'' "wine"). | ||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! → PoA <br/> ↓ Manner !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! | ! → PoA <br/> ↓ Manner !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Labiovelar !! Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nasals | ! Nasals | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Plosives | ! Plosives | ||
| p b || || t d || || k | | p b || || t d || || k ɡ || kʷ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Fricatives | ! Fricatives | ||
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: /pj bj fj/ → [pj bj fj] | : /pj bj fj/ → [pj bj fj] | ||
: /tj dj sj/ → [tʲ dʲ ʃ] | : /tj dj sj/ → [tʲ dʲ ʃ] | ||
: /kj | : /kj ɡj/ → [tʃ dʒ] | ||
: /hj/ → [ç] | : /hj/ → [ç] | ||
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===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Íscégon phonotactics are rather simple, especially by Evandorian languages' standards, as the syllable structure is (C<sub>1</sub>(C<sub>2</sub>))V(C<sub>3</sub>). '''C<sub>1</sub>''' may be any consonant; '''C<sub>2</sub>''' may be /r/, /ʋ/, or /j/ (but only after a stop or fricative (and /sr/ is not possible anyway)), or /s/ after one of /p t k/, and '''C<sub>3</sub>''' may be one of /m n s r l/. The vowel may be short, long, or a falling diphthong.<br/> | Íscégon phonotactics are rather simple, especially by Evandorian languages' standards, as the syllable structure is (C<sub>1</sub>(C<sub>2</sub>))V(C<sub>3</sub>). '''C<sub>1</sub>''' may be any consonant; '''C<sub>2</sub>''' may be /r/, /ʋ/, or /j/ (but only after a stop or fricative (and /sr/ is not possible anyway)), or /s/ after one of /p t k/, and '''C<sub>3</sub>''' may be one of /m n s r l/. The vowel may be short, long, or a falling diphthong.<br/> | ||
Íscégon phonotactics are one of the easiest noticeable differences with its most famous daughter language, Cerian, where the maximum syllable structure is strictly CVn — something that can often be easily seen by comparing an Íscégon word with its Cerian descendant, e.g. Isc. '' | Íscégon phonotactics are one of the easiest noticeable differences with its most famous daughter language, Cerian, where the maximum syllable structure is strictly CVn — something that can often be easily seen by comparing an Íscégon word with its Cerian descendant, e.g. Isc. ''irnéma'' (city), ''épsis'' (person) → Cer. ''ínéma'' (city), ''euší'' (person, human). | ||
===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Iscégon has two main regular noun declensions, with, however, lots of exceptions. The two declensions are somewhat predictable as they were simple regular agglutinating suffixes in Proto-Evandorian, and their divergence is the result of vowel harmony. Íscégon nouns decline for two numbers (singular and plural) and five cases: nominative, accusative, locative, ablative, and lative - the same stock as in reconstructed Proto-Evandorian and other ancient or conservative Evandorian languages (like Ancient Nivarese, Holenagic, and Gathura).<br/> | <!--Iscégon has two main regular noun declensions, with, however, lots of exceptions. The two declensions are somewhat predictable as they were simple regular agglutinating suffixes in Proto-Evandorian, and their divergence is the result of vowel harmony. Íscégon nouns decline for two numbers (singular and plural) and five cases: nominative, accusative, locative, ablative, and lative - the same stock as in reconstructed Proto-Evandorian and other ancient or conservative Evandorian languages (like Ancient Nivarese, Holenagic, and Gathura).<br/> | ||
Note that the second declension has two different patterns for words with final ''-c'' or ''-g'' and those with all other (or no) consonants. | Note that the second declension has two different patterns for words with final ''-c'' or ''-g'' and those with all other (or no) consonants. | ||
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Íscégon had some auxiliary verbs, many of which are worth noticing because they developed into newer tense/aspect combinations in daughter languages. | Íscégon had some auxiliary verbs, many of which are worth noticing because they developed into newer tense/aspect combinations in daughter languages. | ||
* ''hegon'' (to put) becomes ''egon'' and, after a verbal noun (''-os'') takes a repetitive meaning, e.g. ''bínuros egon'' "to do over and over (pres.)". These forms eventually developed into the simple present (with a frequentative meaning, like in English, and displacing the original Íscégon unmarked present) in most daughter languages, e.g. ''bínuros egon'' → Cerian ''benureon'' (X do/does, c.f. ''masbínur'' → ''mábenú'' "X is/are doing"); Besagren ''binurreu'' (c.f. ''maxbinu''). | * ''hegon'' (to put) becomes ''egon'' and, after a verbal noun (''-os'') takes a repetitive meaning, e.g. ''bínuros egon'' "to do over and over (pres.)". These forms eventually developed into the simple present (with a frequentative meaning, like in English, and displacing the original Íscégon unmarked present) in most daughter languages, e.g. ''bínuros egon'' → Cerian ''benureon'' (X do/does, c.f. ''masbínur'' → ''mábenú'' "X is/are doing"); Besagren ''binurreu'' (c.f. ''maxbinu'').--> | ||
--> | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
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===Sentence phrase=== | ===Sentence phrase=== | ||
===Dependent clauses=== | ===Dependent clauses=== | ||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | ||