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|created = Dec 2017 | |created = Dec 2017 | ||
|script = Extended [[w:Latin alphabet|Latin]] | |script = Extended [[w:Latin alphabet|Latin]] | ||
|agency = Central National Committee of the Tameïan Language (''gulafuniow | |agency = Central National Committee of the Tameïan Language (''gulafuniow lâneychär′owŧow komityetu mâ tameïyâ mâ mämbä'') | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Tameï''' ([tameˈ(j)i] or ''tameïyâ mämbä'' [tameˈ(j)ija(ː) mɛmˈbɛ]; also ''Tamei'' in modern orthography) is a language isolate spoken in the Tameï Islands, an independent volcanic archipelago country in the [[w:Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean]], along the [[w:Ninety East Ridge|Ninety East Ridge]], about 1000 km WSW of [[w:Sumatra|Sumatra]] and roughly halfway between [[w:Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]] and the [[w:Australia|Australian]] territory of the [[w:Cocos (Keeling) Islands|Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]. | '''Tameï''' ([tameˈ(j)i] or ''tameïyâ mämbä'' [tameˈ(j)ija(ː) mɛmˈbɛ]; also ''Tamei'' in modern orthography) is a language isolate spoken in the Tameï Islands, an independent volcanic archipelago country in the [[w:Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean]], along the [[w:Ninety East Ridge|Ninety East Ridge]], about 1000 km WSW of [[w:Sumatra|Sumatra]] and roughly halfway between [[w:Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]] and the [[w:Australia|Australian]] territory of the [[w:Cocos (Keeling) Islands|Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]. | ||
Tameï is Earth's second most spoken language isolate (after [[w:Korean language|Korean]]), being the native tongue of about 42 million people, mostly in the Tameï Islands but also in countries of the former [[w:Soviet Union|USSR]]. Tameï is one of two official languages in the country - the '''Tameïan People's Socialist Republic''' (officially ''Tameïyūn mâ Meyʌhäht′eyä | Tameï is Earth's second most spoken language isolate (after [[w:Korean language|Korean]]), being the native tongue of about 42 million people, mostly in the Tameï Islands but also in countries of the former [[w:Soviet Union|USSR]]. Tameï is one of two official languages in the country - the '''Tameïan People's Socialist Republic''' (officially ''Tameïyūn mâ Meyʌhäht′eyä Xʌtxuyalixuticeyki Repibulik'' and ''Социалистическая Республика Тамеиского Народа'') as [[w:Russian language|Russian]] is still official for historical and cultural reasons, despite actual Russian native speakers being only 1% of the Tameï population. | ||
Despite fairly regular contacts with the peoples of Indonesia through centuries, the first major external influence in the Tameï Islands came with the first Western contact in 1559 through a French expedition by Bénoit de Neuilly on the ship L'Orléanaise. Established in 1602 as a French colony, the Tameï islands remained under French rule until 1814, when they were conquered by the British. They remained a British colony until the Communist Revolution of 1934 which saw the Tameï Islands, extremely rich in raw materials, become an important partner of the USSR, a role fulfilled until the dawn of the 21st century, with multi-party elections first being allowed in 1999. Self-defined Tameï people (even if heavily intermixed with other groups) are the majority, forming 57% of the population; there are also substantial Pashtun (21%) and Punjabi (13%) components. Religiously, there is no absolute majority; the largest religion is [[w:Sufism|Sufi Islam]], followed by 30% of the population, with atheism or irreligiousness (28%) and more or less syncretic modern forms of Tameï shamanism (24%) also being relevant percentages. | Despite fairly regular contacts with the peoples of Indonesia through centuries, the first major external influence in the Tameï Islands came with the first Western contact in 1559 through a French expedition by Bénoit de Neuilly on the ship L'Orléanaise. Established in 1602 as a French colony, the Tameï islands remained under French rule until 1814, when they were conquered by the British. They remained a British colony until the Communist Revolution of 1934 which saw the Tameï Islands, extremely rich in raw materials, become an important partner of the USSR, a role fulfilled until the dawn of the 21st century, with multi-party elections first being allowed in 1999. Self-defined Tameï people (even if heavily intermixed with other groups) are the majority, forming 57% of the population; there are also substantial Pashtun (21%) and Punjabi (13%) components. Religiously, there is no absolute majority; the largest religion is [[w:Sufism|Sufi Islam]], followed by 30% of the population, with atheism or irreligiousness (28%) and more or less syncretic modern forms of Tameï shamanism (24%) also being relevant percentages. | ||
This history, and the varied ethnic composition of the Tameï state (which saw a large influx of West and South Asians during the British period, as well as European communists during the 20th century), are reflected in its language, which has up to 20% of its lexicon of foreign origin, with early loans from [[w:French language|French]], then from [[w:English language|English]], [[w:Persian language|Persian]], [[w:Pashto language|Pashto]] (the latter two especially in more colloquial registers), and more recently from Russian and [[w:Japanese language|Japanese]] (the latter because of heavy Japanese cultural influence since the end of the Communist era). Tameï was first written under French rule in a French-derived spelling which did not consistently represent all the sounds of the language; the first native Tameï orthography, designed by Russian-educated Chlʌǥī′ey Neykachūnī<ref>The name is cited in modern orthography; during his time his name was written in the French-based spelling as ''Cheláguëaï Naïcacheauni'', or as ''Шлѧґӣӏай Найкашӯнӣ'' in the orthography that bears his name.</ref> in 1884 (and therefore known as Neykachūnī orthography), was an adaptation of Cyrillic to the Tameï language - while it did not gain recognition outside of the growing Tameï intelligencija, it formed the basis for the current orthography, established in 1901 (which | This history, and the varied ethnic composition of the Tameï state (which saw a large influx of West and South Asians during the British period, as well as European communists during the 20th century), are reflected in its language, which has up to 20% of its lexicon of foreign origin, with early loans from [[w:French language|French]], then from [[w:English language|English]], [[w:Persian language|Persian]], [[w:Pashto language|Pashto]] (the latter two especially in more colloquial registers), and more recently from Russian and [[w:Japanese language|Japanese]] (the latter because of heavy Japanese cultural influence since the end of the Communist era). Tameï was first written under French rule in a French-derived spelling which did not consistently represent all the sounds of the language; the first native Tameï orthography, designed by Russian-educated Chlʌǥī′ey Neykachūnī<ref>The name is cited in modern orthography; during his time his name was written in the French-based spelling as ''Cheláguëaï Naïcacheauni'', or as ''Шлѧґӣӏай Найкашӯнӣ'' in the orthography that bears his name.</ref> in 1884 (and therefore known as Neykachūnī orthography), was an adaptation of Cyrillic to the Tameï language - while it did not gain recognition outside of the growing Tameï intelligencija, it formed the basis for the current orthography, established in 1901 (which is most commonly used with a Cyrillic-derived alphabetic order (the Tameï alphabet goes A, Ä, Â, B, W, G, Ǥ, D...)), which also shows some developments that had become standard across most of the Tameï Islands in the meantime. Today's Tameï orthography is not completely phonemic, as it shows vowel length distinctions (as 〈ī ū â〉) that are not kept anymore in most dialects); some words (mostly French and Russian proper names) keep the original spelling (transliterated in the case of Russian), but pronounced as a Tameï word. For example, the country's second-largest city, ''La Gracieuse'', is pronounced as [laguɹaˈɕuz], and the third-largest, ''Stalinahowa''<ref>Tameï for "Stalin City".</ref>, is [ˈtalinaˌhowa]. | ||
Tameï is a mostly agglutinating language, with complex inflected verbs but light nominal morphology. On the phonetic side, it is, together with [[w:Damin|Damin]], one of only two non-African languages using [[w:Click consonant|click consonants]]; it also has the cross-linguistically rare phoneme /ɢ/ (written 〈ǥ〉). | Tameï is a mostly agglutinating language, with complex inflected verbs but light nominal morphology. On the phonetic side, it is, together with [[w:Damin|Damin]], one of only two non-African languages using [[w:Click consonant|click consonants]]; it also has the cross-linguistically rare phoneme /ɢ/ (written 〈ǥ〉). | ||
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| '''ey''' e̞ɪ̯ || || '''ow''' o̞ʊ̯ | | '''ey''' e̞ɪ̯ || || '''ow''' o̞ʊ̯ | ||
|} | |} | ||
The 7 monophthongs are /i u e o ɛ ʌ~ɔ a/, mainly written 〈i u e o ä ʌ a〉; /i u/ may also be spelled 〈ī ū〉for etymological reasons, while many speakers still distinguish /a/ from /aː/ (the latter consistently written 〈â〉). The ''â'' vowel has such treatment because, unlike 〈ī ū〉from historical /eː oː/, it is not historical /aː/ (which became /ʌ/ in all Tameï dialects), but a later development mainly from /aɣ/ (and also /aŋ/) sequences - in fact, the French and the Neykachūnī orthographies show the earlier forms; compare the earlier spellings of "person" as ''laguenaï'' and ''лағнай'' with modern ''lâney''. For an /aŋ/-derived ''â'', see the name ''Françoise'', which was still written with /ŋ/ in the Neykachūnī orthography as ''Фыранғсѧсы'' /fɯɹaŋˈsɑːzɯ/, but in the modern spelling it is '' | The 7 monophthongs are /i u e o ɛ ʌ~ɔ a/, mainly written 〈i u e o ä ʌ a〉; /i u/ may also be spelled 〈ī ū〉for etymological reasons, while many speakers still distinguish /a/ from /aː/ (the latter consistently written 〈â〉). The ''â'' vowel has such treatment because, unlike 〈ī ū〉from historical /eː oː/, it is not historical /aː/ (which became /ʌ/ in all Tameï dialects), but a later development mainly from /aɣ/ (and also /aŋ/) sequences - in fact, the French and the Neykachūnī orthographies show the earlier forms; compare the earlier spellings of "person" as ''laguenaï'' and ''лағнай'' with modern ''lâney''. For an /aŋ/-derived ''â'', see the name ''Françoise'', which was still written with /ŋ/ in the Neykachūnī orthography as ''Фыранғсѧсы'' /fɯɹaŋˈsɑːzɯ/, but in the modern spelling it is ''Furâxʌz'' (or the variant ''Furâxʌzī''), representing /fuɹaˈsʌz(i)/.<br/>This consonant-loss and lengthening process was ongoing in the late 19th century, as also shown by other sources like /ah/ followed by a consonant, as in the Persian loan ''châr'' [ɕa(ː)ɹ] from شهر ''šahr''<ref>Standard Persian /æ/ usually corresponds to Tameï /a/, not /æ~ɛ/.</ref> (Neykachūnī orthography ''шахыр'', representing /ˈɕahɯɹ/). | ||
The two diphthongs, /e̞ɪ̯/ and /o̞ʊ̯/, derive from historical /aɪ̯ aʊ̯/ (and were in fact still written as 〈ай ав〉in the 1884 orthography); many dialects, especially those spoken on the islands farther from Heyta Hʌna, keep values closer to the original ones. | The two diphthongs, /e̞ɪ̯/ and /o̞ʊ̯/, derive from historical /aɪ̯ aʊ̯/ (and were in fact still written as 〈ай ав〉in the 1884 orthography); many dialects, especially those spoken on the islands farther from Heyta Hʌna, keep values closer to the original ones. | ||
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The Tameï Latin script order, almost uniquely among Latin alphabets, is based on the Cyrillic script order first used in the 1884 Neykachūnī orthography, with diacritic forms coming after the diacriticless ones and additional letters stacked at the end. '''′''', which represents the /Ɂ/ phoneme, has no uppercase form. All digraphs except for the two diphthongs 〈ey ow〉are considered distinct letters, as are all letters with diacritics. | The Tameï Latin script order, almost uniquely among Latin alphabets, is based on the Cyrillic script order first used in the 1884 Neykachūnī orthography, with diacritic forms coming after the diacriticless ones and additional letters stacked at the end. '''′''', which represents the /Ɂ/ phoneme, has no uppercase form. All digraphs except for the two diphthongs 〈ey ow〉are considered distinct letters, as are all letters with diacritics. | ||
The Tameï alphabetic order is '''A Ä Â B W G Ǥ D E Z | The Tameï alphabetic order is '''A Ä Â B W G Ǥ D Đ E Z I Ī Y Yh K L Ł M N Ny O P P′ R R′ S X Ӿ T T′ Ŧ Ŧ′ U Ū F H Ⱨ C C′ Ch Q ′ Λ (J V)'''. The "foreign" letters ''J V'' (pronounced as /ɕ/ (or /j/), /f/) are only used in words of foreign origin whose spelling is kept - this often means given names or toponyms (e.g. ''La Joyeuse'' [laɕuwaˈjuz] (less commonly also [laɕaˈjuz]), ''Port Vieux'' [pɔɹuˈfju]). Some words that keep foreign spellings may have silent letters (''Soviet'' [ˈsɔfje]; ''Stalin'' [ˈtalin] (both also used as given names among Tameïs)) or unwritten epenthetic vowels (''Abdul-'' [abudul-]; ''Grâce'' [guˈɹas]).<br/>The word ''Tameï'' is usually written with a diaeresis as a relic of the original French-based orthography, but colloquially it is also written as ''Tamei'' as in all other cases of [eˈ(j)i] in modern Tameï. | ||
The Tameï orthography is defective, as it does not represent stress, which is unpredictable and phonemic (even though with a limited functional load). | The Tameï orthography is defective, as it does not represent stress, which is unpredictable and phonemic (even though with a limited functional load). | ||
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=3 | !! colspan=5 | Pattern 1 (consonants)<br/>'' | ! rowspan=3 | !! colspan=5 | Pattern 1 (consonants)<br/>''exulamur'' (Islamic) !! colspan=5 | Pattern 2 (front vowels or ''-a'')<br/>''feyza'' (red) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=3 | Singular !! colspan=2 | Plural !! colspan=3 | Singular !! colspan=2 | Plural | ! colspan=3 | Singular !! colspan=2 | Plural !! colspan=3 | Singular !! colspan=2 | Plural | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| | | exulamur || exulamurâ || exulamurow || exulamurye || rowspan=2 | exulamurâna || feyza || feyzeâ || feyzow || feyziwe || rowspan=2 | feyzâna | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Oblique | ! Oblique | ||
| colspan=3 | | | colspan=3 | exulamurūn || exulamurīnya || colspan=3 | feyzūn || feyzīnya | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 0 | ! 0 | ||
| | | xīrū || [siˈɹu] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 4 | ! 4 | ||
| | | sâch || [θa(ː)ɕ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 5 | ! 5 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 14 | ! 14 | ||
| | | nisâch || [niˈθa(ː)ɕ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 15 | ! 15 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Monday | ! Monday | ||
| | | lâđe || lâ || [la(ː)ˈde] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Tuesday | ! Tuesday | ||
| | | mowđe || mo || [mo̞ʊ̯ˈde] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Wednesday | ! Wednesday | ||
| | | mīkurīđe || mī || [mikuɹiˈde] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Thursday | ! Thursday | ||
| | | chuđe || ch || [ɕuˈde] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Friday | ! Friday | ||
| | | fâdurīđe || fâ || [ɸa(ː)duɹiˈde] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Saturday | ! Saturday | ||
| | | sâđe || sâ || [sa(ː)ˈde] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Sunday | ! Sunday | ||
| | | đemʌch || de || [deˈmʌɕ] | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! March | ! March | ||
| | | mowxu || mow || [ˈmo̞ʊ̯su] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! April | ! April | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! September | ! September | ||
| | | xīputâbu || xīp || [sipuˈta(ː)bu] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! October | ! October | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! December | ! December | ||
| | | đīxâbu || đīx || [diˈsa(ː)bu] | ||
|} | |} | ||
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There are 13 festivities for a total of 15 days of public holidays currently observed in the Tameï Islands. Even if five of these days are religious festivities, they are officially mandated by law and observed regardless of one's own religion: | There are 13 festivities for a total of 15 days of public holidays currently observed in the Tameï Islands. Even if five of these days are religious festivities, they are officially mandated by law and observed regardless of one's own religion: | ||
* January 1 — New Year's Day (''nyuta mâ peyniow mâ nr′owna'') | * January 1 — New Year's Day (''nyuta mâ peyniow mâ nr′owna'') | ||
* January 7 — Orthodox Christmas ('' | * January 7 — Orthodox Christmas (''purawoxulaweyurâ Nūīla'') | ||
* March 12 — Day of the February Revolution (''nyuta mâ Riwalucia mâ fīūrei'') | * March 12 — Day of the February Revolution (''nyuta mâ Riwalucia mâ fīūrei'') | ||
* April 22 — Birthday of Vladimir Lenin (''nyuta mâ | * April 22 — Birthday of Vladimir Lenin (''nyuta mâ deydiwałe mâ Vladimir Lenin'' [- ulaˈdimiɹu ˈljenin]) | ||
* May 1-2 — Day of the International (''nyuta mâ Etīrunazyūnal'') | * May 1-2 — Day of the International (''nyuta mâ Etīrunazyūnal'') | ||
* May 9 — Victory Day (''nyuta mâ Pabiyeda'') | * May 9 — Victory Day (''nyuta mâ Pabiyeda'') | ||
* June 28 — Day of the Tameïan Revolution of 1934 (''nyuta mâ tameinywâ mâ Riwalucia mâ yâz | * June 28 — Day of the Tameïan Revolution of 1934 (''nyuta mâ tameinywâ mâ Riwalucia mâ yâz kaŧīyhʌd nt′âdahählä mâ nr′owna'') | ||
* August 4 — Birthday of Līley Grâce Châmenychūmp′ <small>(Founder of the Tameïan Communist Party, leader of the Revolution of 1934, and first president of the Tameïan People's Socialist Republic)</small> (''nyuta mâ ӟeyӟiwałe mâ Līley Grâce Châmenychūmp′'') | * August 4 — Birthday of Līley Grâce Châmenychūmp′ <small>(Founder of the Tameïan Communist Party, leader of the Revolution of 1934, and first president of the Tameïan People's Socialist Republic)</small> (''nyuta mâ ӟeyӟiwałe mâ Līley Grâce Châmenychūmp′'') | ||
* November 7-8 — Day of the October Revolution (''nyuta mâ Riwalucia mâ ūkutūbu'') | * November 7-8 — Day of the October Revolution (''nyuta mâ Riwalucia mâ ūkutūbu'') | ||
* December 25 — Catholic Christmas (''katūlikurâ Nūīla'') | * December 25 — Catholic Christmas (''katūlikurâ Nūīla'') | ||
* variable dates — Eid al-Fitr ('' | * variable dates — Eid al-Fitr (''Eyđalufituru''), Eid al-Adha (''Eyđalada''), Easter Sunday (''đemʌch mâ Pʌkusu'') | ||
===Given names=== | ===Given names=== | ||
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Common names include: | Common names include: | ||
* Boys' names: ''Abdulkommunizumu'', ''Abdullenin'', ''Abdulmarx'', ''Abdulstalin'', ''Bīnʌ'' (< Bénoit), ''Chlʌǥī′ey'', '' | * Boys' names: ''Abdulkommunizumu'', ''Abdullenin'', ''Abdulmarx'', ''Abdulstalin'', ''Bīnʌ'' (< Bénoit), ''Chlʌǥī′ey'', ''Furâxʌ'' (< François), ''Grâce'', ''Heykä'', ''Ītīn'' (< Étienne) ''Komsomoletsu'', ''Lelyä'' (< Lilian), ''Līley'', ''Lui'' (< Louis) ''P′alkey'', ''Soviet'', ''(Iosif) Stalin'', ''Tsetun'', ''Ŧ′īkaney'' | ||
* Girls' names: ''Akīnä'', ''Amatulkommunizumu'', ''Amatullenin'', ''Amatulmarx'', ''Amatulstalin'', ''Chlūī'' (< Chloë), '' | * Girls' names: ''Akīnä'', ''Amatulkommunizumu'', ''Amatullenin'', ''Amatulmarx'', ''Amatulstalin'', ''Chlūī'' (< Chloë), ''Furâxʌz(ī)'' (< Françoise), ''Grâce'', ''Lelyan(ī)'' (< Liliane), ''Mowten(ī)'' (< Martine) | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== |
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