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[[Proto-Quihum/Lexicon]]
#redirect [[Quame languages]]
 
[[Proto-Quihum/Swadesh list]]
 
'''Proto-Quihum''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of all [[Quihum languages]]. It's inspired by Proto-Indo-European. It's thought to have been spoken 6000 years before present. The main source languages for the reconstruction of PQ are [[Thensarian]], [[Naquian]], and [[Sjowaazhéñ]].
 
 
==Todo==
How to get ejectives in Naquic and a 3-way distinction in Sjowaazhic?
 
==Overview==
Urheimat: Txapoalli or Talma?
 
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for PQ and is now accepted by the majority of Trician scholars.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! rowspan="2" |Coronal
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Uvular
! rowspan="2" |Glottal
|-
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| '''*m'''
| '''*n'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! |<small>plain</small>
| '''*p'''
| '''*t, *c'''
|
| '''*k'''
| '''*kʷ'''
| '''*q'''
| '''*qʷ'''
| '''*ʔ'''
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''*b'''
| '''*d, *z'''
|
| '''*g'''
| '''*gʷ'''
| '''*ɢ'''
| '''*ɢʷ'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
| '''*f'''
| '''*þ''', '''*s'''
|
| '''*x'''
| '''*xʷ'''
| '''*χ'''
| '''*χʷ'''
| '''*h'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
|
| '''*ł, *l, *r'''
| '''*y''' /j/
|
| '''*w'''
|
|
|
|}
 
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''*i ī'''
|
| '''*u ū'''
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''*e *ē'''
| '''*ə'''
|
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| '''*a *ā'''
|
|}
 
===Suprasegmentals===
Stress was phonemic.
 
===Phonotactics===
Rules:
*Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants.
 
==Grammar==
===Typology===
The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified (like German).
 
===Ablaut===
Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades.
 
Functions of ablaut
*Noun inflections
*Verb inflections
*Verb "binyanim"
*Deriving nouns and verbs
 
Ablaut grades
*''a''-grade: present tense
*''e''-grade: ?
*''i''-grade: preterite tense
*''ə''-grade: bare verbal noun
*''u''-grade: passive for verbs?
*''∅''-grade: derivations
*lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices
 
===Nominals===
Nouns had:
* two genders: animate, inanimate.
** There were also honorific forms which worked like a gender somewhat. The honorific turns into a feminine in [[Talmic languages|Talmic]], meanwhile animate and inanimate become masculine and neuter.
* two states: absolute and construct.
* two cases: nominative and genitive.
* two numbers: singular and plural. There was also a third number, the collective, formed by reduplication of the first syllable.
 
Possible declensions:
*a-stems
*x̌-stems
*i-stems
*u-stems
*consonant stems
*heteroclitic stems: r/s
====Animate nouns====
=====a-stems=====
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=bird|δoerom||δoeroes|δoerot||δoerōni|''-''|''-''|''-''|δoerobim|-|δoerōs|}}
 
=====Consonant stems=====
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=tree|māram||mārīs|mārae||mārini|māria|''-''|māribos|mārebim|''-''|māroes|}}
 
=====i-stems=====
=====u-stems=====
=====x̌-stems (honorific stems)=====
=====r/s-stems=====
 
====Inanimate nouns====
=====Heteroclitic stems=====
=====a-stems=====
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=bird|δoerom|δeδoerom|δoeroes|δoerot|δeδoerot|δoerōni|''-''|''-''|''-''|δoerobim|''-''|''-''|}}
 
=====Consonant stems=====
jénəqws 'water'
 
=====i-stems=====
''welís'' 'name'
 
=====u-stems=====
=====r/s-stems=====
 
===Verbs===
Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice).
 
Should be Native American-ish
 
*Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and gender in 3rd person
*Aspects: present, preterite, stative
*Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative
*Voice in finite verb forms cannot be reconstructed; only voice in participles can.
====Personal affixes====
====Object affixes====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|+ Object affixes
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''n-''
|
|-
!|1 + 2
|''-''
|
|-
!|2
|
|
|-
!|3
|''bi-''
|
|}
 
==Some etyma==
*''wel-í-'' = name
**Possible ablauted stems: ''wel-ə́y-''/''wel-yə́-''
*''stup-'' = fire
*''wjénəqʷ-'' = water
*''-əx̌-'' = causative or intensive of a verb
**Verbalizer ''-ā-'' in Talmic
*''pVd''/''pd'' = speak
*''snVkʷ?'' = home, land
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quihum languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]
IlL
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