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[[ | [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]] | ||
[[ | [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]] | ||
{{Infobox language family | {{Infobox language family | ||
| setting = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] | | setting = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] | ||
| region = Txapoalli, Bjeheond, Etalocin; today worldwide | | region = Txapoalli, Bjeheond, Etalocin; today worldwide | ||
| name = | | name = Quame | ||
| familycolor = | | familycolor = Quame | ||
| family = One of Tricin's primary language families | | family = One of Tricin's primary language families | ||
| protoname = [[Proto- | | protoname = [[Proto-Quame]] | ||
| child1 = [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] | | child1 = [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] | ||
| child2 = [[Naquic languages|Naquic]] | | child2 = [[Naquic languages|Naquic]] | ||
| child3 = [[Sjowaazhic languages|Sjowaazhic]] | | child3 = [[Sjowaazhic languages|Sjowaazhic]]? | ||
}} | }} | ||
The ''' | The '''Quame languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''brits Cłem'', from ''*kʷēm-'', the reconstructed word for 1), also known as '''Naquo-Talmic''', are a language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]. It is well-established that that [[Naquic languages|Naquic]] and [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] form a Naquo-Talmic family; the relationship of [[Sowaár]] to Naquo-Talmic is conjectured by some but not well-established. | ||
==Family tree== | |||
== | {{clade | ||
|label1=Proto-Quame | |||
|1={{clade | |||
|label1=Roshtero-[[Talmic]] | |||
|1={{clade | |||
|label1= | |||
Talmic ([[Thensarian]]) | |||
|1={{clade | |||
|label1=[[Tigol]] | |||
|1={{clade | |||
|label1=Anbiric | |||
|1={{clade | |||
|1=[[Anbirese]] (pseudo-Sino-Korean) | |||
}} | |||
|label2=Ciètic | |||
|2={{clade | |||
|1=[[Ciètian]] (pseudo-Mandarin) | |||
|2=[[Páuluòbeng]] | |||
}} | |||
|label3=Skellic | |||
|3={{clade | |||
|1=[[Skellan]] (Hmooby Icelando-Welsh) | |||
|2=[[Loðagese]] | |||
|3=[[Vornian]] | |||
}} | |||
}} | |||
|label2= | |||
|2={{clade | |||
|1=[[Nurian]] | |||
}} | |||
|3=[[Qazhrian]] | |||
}} | |||
|label2=[[Old Roshterian]] | |||
|2={{clade | |||
|1=[[Roshterian]] | |||
}} | |||
}} | |||
|label2=[[Naquian]] | |||
|2={{clade | |||
|1=[[Tizian]] | |||
|2=[[Atzopic]] | |||
|3=[[Xaetjeon]] | |||
|4=[[Whetmer]] | |||
}} | |||
|label3=[[Bonzic]] | |||
|3=[[Bonzic]] | |||
|label4= | |||
|4=[[Aewedanoan]] | |||
}} | |||
}} | |||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Urheimat: Txapoalli | Urheimat: Txapoalli | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | | ||
! rowspan="2" |Labial | ! rowspan="2" |Labial | ||
! rowspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" |Dental | ||
! rowspan="2" |Alveolar | |||
! rowspan="2" |Palatal | ! rowspan="2" |Palatal | ||
! colspan="2" |Velar | ! colspan="2" |Velar | ||
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| '''*m''' | | '''*m''' | ||
| '''*n''' | | '''*n''' | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="3" |Plosive | ||
! |<small>plain</small> | ! |<small>plain</small> | ||
| '''*p''' | | '''*p''' | ||
| '''*t | | '''*c''' | ||
| '''*t''' | |||
| | | | ||
| '''*k''' | | '''*k''' | ||
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| '''*qʷ''' | | '''*qʷ''' | ||
| '''*ʔ''' | | '''*ʔ''' | ||
|- | |||
! |<small>ejective</small> | |||
| '''*pʼ''' | |||
| '''*cʼ''' | |||
| '''*tʼ''' | |||
| | |||
| '''*kʼ''' | |||
| '''*kʷʼ''' | |||
| '''*qʼ''' | |||
| '''*qʷʼ''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! |<small>voiced</small> | ! |<small>voiced</small> | ||
| '''*b''' | | '''*b''' | ||
| '''*d | | '''*z''' | ||
| '''*d''' | |||
| | | | ||
| '''*g''' | | '''*g''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative | ! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative | ||
| | | | ||
| '''* | | '''*s''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''*h''' | | '''*h''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" |Resonant | ! colspan="2" |Resonant | ||
| | | | ||
| '''*l | | '''*l''' | ||
| '''*r''' | |||
| '''*y''' /j/ | | '''*y''' /j/ | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Close | ! style="" |Close | ||
| '''*i ī''' | | '''*i *ī''' | ||
| | | | ||
| '''*u ū''' | | '''*u *ū''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Mid | ! style="" |Mid | ||
| '''*e *ē''' | | '''*e *ē''' | ||
| '''* | | | ||
| '''*o *ō''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Open | ! style="" |Open | ||
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===Typology=== | ===Typology=== | ||
The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified. | The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified. | ||
Proto-Quame roots were monosyllabic and obeyed the sonority hierarchy. | |||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
==== | ====Nom/Acc==== | ||
X = some laryngeal | X = some laryngeal | ||
V = some vowel | V = some vowel | ||
* | *nā = I (Tal./Nqu. ''nā'') | ||
* | *wey(-r) = thou (Thn. ''veir'', Nqu. ''uī'') | ||
* | *kā(-mi) = we (exc) (Thn. ''cām'', Nqu. ''txā'') | ||
* | *gwon(-mi-ti) = we (inc) (Thn. ''gonti'', Nqu. ''quon'') | ||
*sen(-kwi) = blotp | *sen(-kwi) = blotp (Thn. ''senci'', Nqu. ''sen'') | ||
====Genitive==== | ====Genitive==== | ||
*χ, nχ = my (Thn. ''-na'', ''-a'') | *χ, nχ = my (Thn. ''-na'', ''-a''; Nqu. ''a''; Sjo. ''kha'') | ||
* | *something with ''r'' = thy; (Thn. ''-r''; Nqu. ''ir'') | ||
* | *smo = our (exc) (Thn.''-smo'', Nqu. ''zmo'') | ||
*sgwiX = our (inc) (Thn. ''- | *sgwiX = our (inc) (Thn. ''-swē'', Nqu. ''zquī'') | ||
* | *dkoX (?) = blotp's (Thn. ''-scō'', Nqu. ''tłō''? using dk > tł) | ||
====Demonstratives==== | ====Demonstratives==== | ||
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*Noun inflections | *Noun inflections | ||
*Verb inflections | *Verb inflections | ||
*Verb | *Verb voices | ||
*Deriving nouns and verbs | *Deriving nouns and verbs | ||
Ablaut grades | Ablaut grades | ||
*'' | *''o''-grade: present tense | ||
*'' | *''a''-grade: derived nouns | ||
*'' | *''e''-grade: preterite tense | ||
*''∅''-grade: derivations | *''∅''-grade: derivations | ||
*lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices | *lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices | ||
===Nominals=== | ===Nominals=== | ||
Nouns had: | Nouns and adjectives had: | ||
* | * three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter | ||
* two states: absolute and construct. | * two states: absolute and construct. | ||
* three cases: | * three cases: nominative, accusative, and genitive. | ||
* two numbers: singular and plural. | ** Some speculate that Proto-Quame originally had an intransitive-transitive alignment. The nominative and accusative may have originally been intransitive and transitive cases respectively, since stative verbs in the 3rd person singular have nominative endings, while eventive verbs in the 3rd person singular have endings similar to accusative endings. | ||
* two numbers: singular and plural. | |||
** Some nouns had broken plurals formed by reduplicating of the first syllable or using a different ablaut grade. The broken plural used singular affixes. | |||
Possible declensions: | Possible declensions: | ||
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=====Consonant stems===== | =====Consonant stems===== | ||
jénaqws 'water' | |||
=====i-stems===== | =====i-stems===== | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice). | Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice). | ||
*Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and gender in 3rd person | *Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and gender in 3rd person | ||
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*Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative | *Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative | ||
*Austronesian alignment, realized with various trigger verb prefixes. | *Austronesian alignment, realized with various trigger verb prefixes. | ||
==== | ====Stative conjugation==== | ||
==== | -dei, -woi, -φm, -φi, -φs, -mer, -nter, -kʷer, -ber | ||
====Active conjugation==== | |||
-ni, -ri, -mi, -si, -ø, -mek, -nti, -kʷe, -ti | |||
==Derivations== | |||
*''-tl-, -tlom'' = agent, instrument, participle | |||
*''-ā-'' = verbalizer from nouns | |||
*''-ye-, -i-'' = verbalizer from adjectives | |||
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category: | [[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quame languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]] | ||
[[Category:Language families|Q]] | [[Category:Language families|Q]] |
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