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Sino-Magyar: Difference between revisions
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|pronunciation=/ˈmɒ.ɟɒr/ | |pronunciation=/ˈmɒ.ɟɒr/ | ||
|setting=parallel Earth | |setting=parallel Earth | ||
| | |creator=User:Xeniacoutiere | ||
|state=Hungary | |||
|region=central Europe | |region=central Europe | ||
|speakers= | |speakers= | ||
|date= | |date= | ||
|familycolor=Uralic | |familycolor=Uralic | ||
|fam1=[[Uralic languages|Uralic]] | |fam1=[[w:Uralic languages|Uralic]] | ||
|fam2=[[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] | |fam2=[[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] | ||
|fam3=[[Ugric languages|Ugric]] | |fam3=[[w:Ugric languages|Ugric]] | ||
|ancestor = [[Old Hungarian]] | |ancestor = [[w:Old Hungarian|Old Hungarian]] | ||
|script=Han characters<br/>Roundscript, Squarescript<br/>Cyrillic alphabet | |script=Han characters<br/>Roundscript, Squarescript<br/>Cyrillic alphabet | ||
}} | }} | ||
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Without delving too deeply into non-relevant or marginally relevant history, the close contact with China and the Chinese influenced Magyar culture, society and language deeply; amongst many other things, they adapted Chinese writing to write Magyar, eventually adding the use of a brush-written derivative of rovásirás (Old Hungarian runes) to serve the same functions as kana do in Japanese. After the arrival in Europe, with the (slower-than-real-world) expansion of (Orthodox) Christianity through Hungary, the Cyrillic script was introduced (Hungary ended up in the Orthodox world as a result of Koppány's victory over Vajk - Koppány had accepted Byzantine support; no St Stephen means no Catholic Hungary). Initially, it was used only by Christians, whilst adherents of the native Hungarian religion (a fusion of RW Hungarian paganism, Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism) continued to use the Sino-Magyar writing system(s). After Koppány's victory, Hungary was slowly transformed into a settled country, allied with the Byzantines for some time whilst building itself up into a regional power in its own right. Nomadic peoples like the Pechenegs and Cumans were welcomed into Hungary. Although Christianity was tolerated (there was no official state religion, but there was a requirement - later codified - that the ruler must be of the "ancient faith") it wasn't encouraged, but with time the Cyrillic script became more widespread amongst the commoners, whether they converted to Christianity or not. With time there grew a view that Cyrillic was the script of the commonfolk, Sinitic that of the nobility and the ruling classes. | Without delving too deeply into non-relevant or marginally relevant history, the close contact with China and the Chinese influenced Magyar culture, society and language deeply; amongst many other things, they adapted Chinese writing to write Magyar, eventually adding the use of a brush-written derivative of rovásirás (Old Hungarian runes) to serve the same functions as kana do in Japanese. After the arrival in Europe, with the (slower-than-real-world) expansion of (Orthodox) Christianity through Hungary, the Cyrillic script was introduced (Hungary ended up in the Orthodox world as a result of Koppány's victory over Vajk - Koppány had accepted Byzantine support; no St Stephen means no Catholic Hungary). Initially, it was used only by Christians, whilst adherents of the native Hungarian religion (a fusion of RW Hungarian paganism, Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism) continued to use the Sino-Magyar writing system(s). After Koppány's victory, Hungary was slowly transformed into a settled country, allied with the Byzantines for some time whilst building itself up into a regional power in its own right. Nomadic peoples like the Pechenegs and Cumans were welcomed into Hungary. Although Christianity was tolerated (there was no official state religion, but there was a requirement - later codified - that the ruler must be of the "ancient faith") it wasn't encouraged, but with time the Cyrillic script became more widespread amongst the commoners, whether they converted to Christianity or not. With time there grew a view that Cyrillic was the script of the commonfolk, Sinitic that of the nobility and the ruling classes. | ||
The letter that Batu Khan gave King Béla's envoy (RW, this was Friar Julianus) | The letter that Batu Khan gave King Béla's envoy (RW, this was Friar Julianus) was *not* a call for unconditional surrender. Instead, having learned well in advance that the Magyars are still basically an Asian people, the Mongols instead proposed an alliance with the Magyars. King Béla secretly accepted this proposal, and whilst the Mongols made their way west, the Magyars did accept refugees from the Kievan Rus etc, but when the Mongols finally reached Hungary, they were welcomed as friends. As relates to language, the result of this was that during this period was the first time that one script was actively encouraged at the expense of another: the use of Cyrillic was restricted to church contexts; all public documents had to be written in Sinitic. In practice this wasn't overly relevant, since only nobles and freemen had reason to write or read anything outside of a church context. This law on writing continued during the Turkish occupation of much of Hungary. | ||
Under Hapsburg rule, it was reversed, and the Cyrillic script became the official orthography for Hungarian. Despite that, many of the compound words that had been formed using the Chinese-derived readings of Han characters remained in use, though written in Cyrillic, and although to a much-reduced degree, knowledge of the Sinitic script wasn't completely lost - monks of the "ancient faith" and Confucian scholars retained the knowledge (though both of these groups were suppressed to varying degrees throughout Hapsburg rule) | Under Hapsburg rule, it was reversed, and the Cyrillic script became the official orthography for Hungarian. Despite that, many of the compound words that had been formed using the Chinese-derived readings of Han characters remained in use, though written in Cyrillic, and although to a much-reduced degree, knowledge of the Sinitic script wasn't completely lost - monks of the "ancient faith" and Confucian scholars retained the knowledge (though both of these groups were suppressed to varying degrees throughout Hapsburg rule) | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
The phonology of modern Sino-Magyar is essentially identical to that of modern RWH, with the exception that /v/ is pronounced [w] after stops. | The phonology of modern Sino-Magyar is essentially identical to that of modern RWH, with the exception that /v/ is pronounced [w] after stops, and - in casual and semi-formal speech - syllable-finally. | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
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in (Christian) religious writings. The Hungarian Cyrillic script was first devised in the 11th century, but it wasn't standardised until the 16th century, in the portion of Hungary that came under Hapsburg rule during the period of division; however, this standardisation was not used in either the part of Hungary under Ottoman rule, nor in the Eastern Kingdom; it was reformed in the 17th century, and under Hapsburg rule after the Ottoman departure, including after the Compromise of 1867, this second standardisation was used throughout the territory of Hungary as the official orthography of the language. The second standardisation also remained in use after independence from Austria in 1915, until the present script was introduced in 1957; this was based on elements of the Serbian and Macedonian Cyrillic alphabets, whilst retaining Ѫ and Ѵ for Ö and Ü respectively. The Cyrillic orthography does not mark for vowel length (and has never done so). | in (Christian) religious writings. The Hungarian Cyrillic script was first devised in the 11th century, but it wasn't standardised until the 16th century, in the portion of Hungary that came under Hapsburg rule during the period of division; however, this standardisation was not used in either the part of Hungary under Ottoman rule, nor in the Eastern Kingdom; it was reformed in the 17th century, and under Hapsburg rule after the Ottoman departure, including after the Compromise of 1867, this second standardisation was used throughout the territory of Hungary as the official orthography of the language. The second standardisation also remained in use after independence from Austria in 1915, until the present script was introduced in 1957; this was based on elements of the Serbian and Macedonian Cyrillic alphabets, whilst retaining Ѫ and Ѵ for Ö and Ü respectively. The Cyrillic orthography does not mark for vowel length (and has never done so). | ||
Although officially called ráddzú, the term "个イリイㆬ字", " | Although officially called ráddzú, the term "个イリイㆬ字", "цирил бєтѵк" (= "ciril betűk") is known, but generally this refers to Cyrillic script in general, or as applied to languages other than Hungarian. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
* [[Halotti beszéd]] - oldest extant Sino-Magyar text written in Cyrillic, and oldest Sino-Magyar Christian text. | |||
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Uralic languages]] | [[Category:Uralic languages]] | ||