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Rílin: Difference between revisions
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i ɪ y e ɛ ø æ ɑ~a ɔ o ʌ ɯ u | i ɪ y e ɛ ø æ ɑ~a ɔ o ʌ ɯ u | ||
=== Minimal Pairs === | === Consonantal Minimal Pairs === | ||
awu ‘upright’ | awu ‘upright’ | ||
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ʃy ‘be.NPRES’ | ʃy ‘be.NPRES’ | ||
===Vowel Minimal Pairs=== | |||
mi ‘girl’ | |||
mɪ ‘jealous’ | |||
me ‘row’ | |||
mɛ ‘thin’ | |||
ma ‘mother’ | |||
mæ ‘snarl’ (v.) | |||
mo ‘oh really?’ | |||
mɔ ‘pan’ | |||
mø ‘device’ | |||
mɯ ‘indistinct’ | |||
mu ‘core, heart’ | |||
mʌ ‘duckling’ | |||
mai ‘free’ | |||
mei ‘bright yellow’ | |||
moi ‘deceit’ | |||
mɔi ‘weaving’ | |||
mʌi ‘drip’ (v.) | |||
myi ‘smooth’ | |||
=== Phonotactics === | |||
All clusters, codas, etc. refer to possibilities applied to individual syllables, not words. The syllable’s position in the word is irrelevant, except for /ʔ/ and /ʟ/, which can only occur in an intervocalic position. | |||
==== Syllable structure==== | |||
CV, V CVC, VC(C), C(C)V(V)(C) | |||
Possible codas: nasals, voiceless sibilants, voiceless stops (except ʔ) (n m ŋ s ʂ ʃ p t k q) | |||
Consonant clusters: Complex onsets that are allowed are as follows. | |||
Voiceless stop + voiceless sibilant: (ps-, pʃ-, pʂ-, ts-, tʃ-, tʂ-, ks-, kʃ-, kʂ) | |||
Examples: | |||
/’psiɬut/ ‘blood’ | |||
/’pʃɪʂʌ/ ‘profession’ | |||
/pʂa/ ‘throw’ | |||
/’tsæu/ ‘shawl’ | |||
/’tʃæni/ ‘expression’ | |||
/’tʂʌɬʌ/ ‘election’ | |||
/’ksata/ ‘bind’ | |||
/kʃɛt/ ‘tight’ | |||
/kʂɯ/ ‘warmth exuded from light’ | |||
Voiceless stop: (not q or ʔ) + ɾ: (kɾ-, tɾ-, pɾ-) | |||
Examples | |||
/’kɾaiŋa/ ‘bite’ | |||
/’tɾofo/ ‘build’ | |||
/pɾɛ/ ‘attention, care’ | |||
p + t; p + k | |||
/pta/ ‘should, must’ | |||
/pko/ ‘tail’ | |||
Complex codas: | |||
Complex codas can consist of a nasal plus any voiceless sibilant, and any voiceless stop (except q and ʔ) plus any voiceless sibilant. Often these complex codas will not appear on syllables that are not word-final. Most occurrences of these clusters exist in monosyllable, monomorphemic words. | |||
n, m, ŋ+ ʂ, s, ʃ | p, t, k + ʂ, s, ʃ | |||
/mems/ ‘year, cycle’ | |||
/mʌts/ ‘poor, broke’ | |||
/nins/ ‘back (of)’ | |||
/tæŋs/ ‘worry’ | |||
/xuns/ ‘wide’ | |||
A very small number of archaic words have retained pf-. In most cases, Old Rílin pf- became Modern Rílin ɸ-. Some varieties of Rílin may use ɸ- exclusively on the below words. | |||
/pfo/ ‘white’ | |||
/pfai/ ‘jab’ | |||
/pfo’kala/ ‘pale stripe of skin down the back of all Ríli’ | |||
All vowels may appear in sequence with each other, but it is uncommon rare to have a sequence of more than two within the same morpheme especially if they are not separated by a semi-vowel. Across morpheme boundaries, it is more common, such as in words like /dao-ø/ ‘to my maternal grandfather’ or /sou-ɛs/ ‘guiltiness (erg.)’. | |||
In the concatenation of different morphemes, phonotactics also prevent the sequence of certain phonemes that otherwise may occur in a monomorphemic word. For instance, /-tɾ-/ can occur across or within syllable boundaries in a monomorphemic word, such as /’ʃut.ɾe/ ‘animal’ or /’win.tɾa/ ‘elbow’. However, with the attachment of any bound morphemes, this sequence does not exist. Consider the bound derivational suffix -ɾa, which can act as both a gerund suffix for verbs or as a nominal suffix indicating an abstract quality related to X, with X being the free morpheme to which it is attached. When the free morpheme ends in a voiceless alveolar stop (/t/), the /ɾ/ of the -ɾa suffix is deleted. | |||
/ɛlisɛt/ ‘goddess’ | |||
/ɛlisɛt - ɾa/ ‘goddesshood’ | |||
[ɛlisɛt-a] | |||
This deletion does not occur after other final stops -p, -k, -q, nor does it occur after final -s. After -ʃ and -ʂ, however, there is deletion. | |||
natʃæk ‘stubborn’ → natʃæk-ɾa ‘stubbornness’ | |||
geis ‘brown’ → geis-ɾa ‘brownness’ | |||
salɪs ‘content’ → salɪs-ɾa ‘contentedness’ | |||
zɛʂ ‘dry’ → zɛʂ-a ‘dryness’ | |||
oʃ ‘young’ → oʃ-a ‘youth’ | |||