Nankôre: Difference between revisions

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The Irrealis ''-hi'' is suffixed to the copula.  It is obligatory for all Future tenses.  It also surfaces in imperatives, yes-no questions which are marked with the ''-yo'' marker cliticizing to the first or second word of a sentence, as in ''Cire-yo tā'itá'-hi?'' "Did he die?", and in WH-questions when the event actually happening has not yet been established as having occurred; for example, ''Enket cire tā'itá'?'', "Where did he die?" implies that the person's death is a fact, and it is only the location that is being inquired, versus ''Enket cire tā'itá'-hi?'' implies that not only is the location unknown, but the person's actual death happening still remains to be established.  An interesting structure, called the "double interrogative", is a combination of a WH-word followed by a word bearing the ''-yo'' clitic, which also turns the question into yes-no question: ''Enket cire-yo tā'itá'-hi?'', "Did he die, and if so, where?"  The ''-hi'' suffix is believed to be cognate with the Minhast Irrealis clitic ''=š''.
The Irrealis ''-hi'' is suffixed to the copula.  It is obligatory for all Future tenses.  It also surfaces in imperatives, yes-no questions which are marked with the ''-yo'' marker cliticizing to the first or second word of a sentence, as in ''Cire-yo tā'itá'-hi?'' "Did he die?", and in WH-questions when the event actually happening has not yet been established as having occurred; for example, ''Enket cire tā'itá'?'', "Where did he die?" implies that the person's death is a fact, and it is only the location that is being inquired, versus ''Enket cire tā'itá'-hi?'' implies that not only is the location unknown, but the person's actual death happening still remains to be established.  An interesting structure, called the "double interrogative", is a combination of a WH-word followed by a word bearing the ''-yo'' clitic, which also turns the question into yes-no question: ''Enket cire-yo tā'itá'-hi?'', "Did he die, and if so, where?"  The ''-hi'' suffix is believed to be cognate with the Minhast Irrealis clitic ''=š''.
=====The Copula Paradigm =====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable mw-collapsible"
!  rowspan="10"  style="width:64.01pt; " |  Present
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="4" style="width:64.01pt; " | Low Animate Patient
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Indicative
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Causative
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|- 
!  rowspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | High Animate Agent
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | itá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | itán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | sip'itá' (pis'itá')
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | sip'itán  (pis'itán)
|- 
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | nitá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | nitán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | sipnitá' (pisnitá')
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | sipnitán (pisnitán)
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="4" style="width:64.01pt; " | High Animate Patient
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Indicative
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Causative
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|- 
!  rowspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Low Animate Agent
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | ta’itá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | ta’itán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | taspitá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | taspitán
|- 
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tānitá' 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tānitán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tāsipnitá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tāsipnitán
|-
!  rowspan="11" style="width:64.01pt; " | Hodiernal Past
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="4" style="width:64.01pt; " | Low Animate Patient
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Indicative
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Causative
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|- 
!  rowspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | High Animate Agent
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hô'itá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hô'itán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hôsipnitá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hôsipnitán
|- 
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hô'intá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hô'intán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hôsipnintá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hôsipnintán
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="4" style="width:64.01pt; " | Low Animate Patient
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Indicative
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Causative
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|- 
!  rowspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Low Animate Agent
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | ta’hô'itá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | ta’hô'itán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tāhópsintá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tāhópsintán
|- 
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tahô'intá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tahô'intán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tāhópsintá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tāhópsintán
|- 
!  rowspan="11" style="width:64.01pt; " | Recent Past
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="8" style="width:64.01pt; " | Low Animate Patient
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Indicative
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Causative
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|- 
!  rowspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | High Animate Agent
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | nitá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | nitán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | sipnitá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | sipnitán
|- 
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | nintá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | nintán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | sipnintá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | sipnintán
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="8" style="width:64.01pt; " | Low Animate Patient
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Indicative
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Causative
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|- 
!  rowspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Low Animate Agent
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | ta’nitá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | ta’nitán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tasipnitá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tasipnitán
|- 
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tānintá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tānintán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tāsipnintá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tāsipnintán
|- 
!  rowspan="11" style="width:64.01pt; " | Medio-Distal Past
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="8" style="width:64.01pt; " | Low Animate Patient
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Indicative
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Causative
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|- 
!  rowspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | High Animate Agent
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hitá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hitán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hispitá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hisiptán
|- 
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hintá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hintán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hisipnitá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hisipnitán
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="8" style="width:64.01pt; " | High Animate Patient
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Indicative
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Causative
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|- 
!  rowspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Low Animate Agent
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tahitá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tahitán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tasiphitá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tasiphitán
|- 
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tāhintá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tāhintán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tāsiphintá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tāsiphintán
|- 
!  rowspan="10" style="width:64.01pt; " | Distal Past
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="8" style="width:64.01pt; " | Low Animate Patient
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|- 
!  rowspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | High Animate Agent
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | pitá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | pitán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | pisiptá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | pisiptan
|- 
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | pintá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | pintán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | pisipnitá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | pisipnitán
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="8" style="width:64.01pt; " | High Animate Patient
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Indicative
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Causative
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|- 
!  rowspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Low Animate Agent
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | ta’pitá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | ta’pitán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tapsipta'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tapsiptán
|- 
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tápsintá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tápsintán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tápsipnitá'
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tápsipnitán
|- 
!  rowspan="11" style="width:64.01pt; " | Medio-Proximal Future
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="8" style="width:64.01pt; " | Low Animate Patient
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Indicative
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Causative
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|- 
!  rowspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | High Animate Agent
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | nitáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | nitahán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | nisiptáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | nisiptahán
|- 
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | nintáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | nintahán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | nisipnitáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | nisipnitahán
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="8" style="width:64.01pt; " | High Animate Patient
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Indicative
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Causative
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|- 
!  rowspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Low Animate Agent
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | ta’nitáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tantahán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tasipnitáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tasipnitahán
|- 
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tānintáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tānintahán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tāsipnitáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tāsipnintahán
|- 
!  rowspan="11" style="width:64.01pt; " | Immediate Future
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="8" style="width:64.01pt; " | Low Animate Patient
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Indicative
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Causative
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|- 
!  rowspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | High Animate Agent
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hitáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hitahán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hisipitáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hisiptahán
|- 
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hintáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hintahán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hispintáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | hisipnitahán
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="8" style="width:64.01pt; " | High Animate Patient
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Indicative
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Causative
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|- 
!  rowspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Low Animate Agent
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tahitáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tahitahán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tahisipitáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tahisiptahán
|- 
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tāhintáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tāhintahán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tāhispintáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tāhisipnitahán
|- 
!  rowspan="12" style="width:64.01pt; " | Distal Future
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="8" style="width:64.01pt; " | Low Animate Patient
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Indicative
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Causative
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|- 
!  rowspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | High Animate Agent
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | pitáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | pitahán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | pisiptáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | pisiptahán
|- 
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | pintáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | pintahán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | pisipnitáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | pisipnitahán
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="4" style="width:64.01pt; " | High Animate Patient
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Indicative
!  colspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Causative
|- 
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
|  style="width:64.01pt; " |  
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|- 
!  rowspan="2" style="width:64.01pt; " | Low Animate Agent
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | SG
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | ta’pitáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | taptahán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tapsiptáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tapsiptahán
|- 
!  style="width:64.01pt; " | PL
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tāpintáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tāpintahán
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tápsipnitáh
|  style="width:64.01pt; " | tápsipnitahán
|}




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