2,334
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(→Nouns) |
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Three of the types consist of two different subgroups: hard and soft. The soft subgroup consists of nouns whose roots end in a soft letter (followed by iotified vowel or soft vowel). The hard group consists of all other nouns. The fourth type contains two subgroups: those with an "n" insert, and those with a "t" insert. In Medieval times the "s" subgroup existed, but these nouns have typically become the second type. | Three of the types consist of two different subgroups: hard and soft. The soft subgroup consists of nouns whose roots end in a soft letter (followed by iotified vowel or soft vowel). The hard group consists of all other nouns. The fourth type contains two subgroups: those with an "n" insert, and those with a "t" insert. In Medieval times the "s" subgroup existed, but these nouns have typically become the second type. | ||
The accending (acute) accent is marked differently from the descending (grave) one, like in ''beréza'' ("birch", acute accent) and ''kìt'' ("cat", grave accent); long vowels are marked with a macron, as in ''žytiḗ'' ("life"). They are not usually found in texts, except dictionaries and grammar workbooks and also sometimes to avoid confusion between word forms that would be written alike: ''mòje žytiḗ'' ("my life"), ''mojèho žỳtiē'' ("of my life"). | |||
====First declension==== | ====First declension==== | ||
This declension consists of nouns that end in "a" or "ia". It consists primarily of '''feminine''' nouns, but a few nouns with these ending referring to professions can be either '''masculine''' or '''feminine'''. In these cases, the genitive plural is often formed by adding "-iw", such as ''teslia'' - ''tesliw'' Nouns referring to people can also take this ending. | This declension consists of nouns that end in "a" or "ia". It consists primarily of '''feminine''' nouns, but a few nouns with these ending referring to professions can be either '''masculine''' or '''feminine'''. In these cases, the genitive plural is often formed by adding "-iw", such as ''teslia'' - ''tesliw'' Nouns referring to people can also take this ending. | ||
{| class="wikitable" align=center | {| class="wikitable" align=center | ||
|+ '''First declension''' | |+ '''First declension''' | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="3" | | ||
! colspan="3" | ''beréza'' - "birch" | |||
! colspan="3" | ''kyrnýcia'' - "well" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |'''Singular''' | ! colspan="2" |'''Singular''' | ||
! colspan="2" |'''Dual''' | ! colspan="2" |'''Dual''' | ||
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! Soft | ! Soft | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Nominative''' || | | '''Nominative''' || beréz'''a''' || kyrnýc'''ia''' || beréź'''i''' || kyrnýć'''i''' || beréz'''y''' || kyrnýc'''iy''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Genitive'''<sup>2</sup> || | | '''Genitive'''<sup>2</sup> || beréz'''y''' || kyrnýc'''iy''' || ber'''ì'''z || kyrnỳc || ber'''ì'''z || kyrnỳc | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Dative'''<sup>1</sup> || | | '''Dative'''<sup>1</sup> || beréź'''i''' || kyrnýć'''i''' || beréz'''ama''' || kyrnýc'''iema''' || beréz'''am''' || kyrnýc'''iam''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Accusative'''<sup>3</sup> || | | '''Accusative'''<sup>3</sup> || beréz'''u''' || kyrnýc'''iu''' || beréź'''i''' || kyrnýć'''i''' || beréz'''y''' || kyrnýc'''iy''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Instrumental''' || | | '''Instrumental''' || beréz'''ow''' || kyrnýc'''ew''' || berez'''ama''' || kyrnýc'''iema''' || beréz'''amy''' || kyrnyc'''ièmy''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Locative'''<sup>1</sup> || | | '''Locative'''<sup>1</sup> || beréź'''i''' || kyrnýć'''i''' || beréz'''ach''' || kyrnýc'''ach''' || beréz'''ach''' || kyrnýc'''iach''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Vocative''' || | | '''Vocative''' || beréz'''o''' || kyrnýc'''e''' || beréź'''i''' || kyrnyć'''i''' || beréz'''y''' || kyrnýc'''iy''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="wikitable" align=center | {| class="wikitable" align=center | ||
|+ '''Second declension, masculine''' | |+ '''Second declension, masculine''' | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="3" | | ||
! colspan="3" | ''kìt'' - "cat" | |||
! colspan="3" | ''kìń'' - "horse" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |'''Singular''' | ! colspan="2" |'''Singular''' | ||
! colspan="2" |'''Dual''' | ! colspan="2" |'''Dual''' | ||
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! Soft | ! Soft | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Nominative''' || k''' | | '''Nominative''' || k'''ì'''t || k'''ì'''ń || kot'''á''' || kòn'''ia''' || kot'''ý''' || kòn'''iy''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Genitive'''<sup>1</sup> || kot''' | | '''Genitive'''<sup>1</sup> || kot'''á''' || kon'''iá''' || kot'''ìw''' || kòn'''iw''' || kot'''ìw''' || kòn'''ȳ''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Dative''' || kot''' | | '''Dative''' || kot'''ówy''' || kon'''éwy''' || kot'''óma''' || kon'''ióma''' || kot'''om''' || kòn'''iem''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Accusative'''<sup>2</sup> || kot''' | | '''Accusative'''<sup>2</sup> || kot'''á''' || kon'''iá''' || kot'''á''' || kon'''ia''' || kòt'''y''' || kòn'''iy''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Instrumental''' || kot''' | | '''Instrumental''' || kot'''óm''' || kon'''ém''' || kot'''óma''' || kon'''iema''' || kot'''ámy''' || kon'''iámy''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Locative'''<sup>3</sup> || koť''' | | '''Locative'''<sup>3</sup> || koť'''í''' || koń'''í''' || kot'''óch''' || kon'''iech''' || kot'''óch''' || kòn'''iech''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Vocative'''<sup>4</sup> || | | '''Vocative'''<sup>4</sup> || kòt'''e''' || kòn'''iu''' || kòt'''a''' || kòn'''ia''' || kòt'''y''' || kòn'''iy''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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#Nouns that take the -і ending undergo the first palatalisation, while those taking the -u ending do not. | #Nouns that take the -і ending undergo the first palatalisation, while those taking the -u ending do not. | ||
#If the ending -е is used, then the first palatalization occurs. However, it can be avoided by using the -u form. | #If the ending -е is used, then the first palatalization occurs. However, it can be avoided by using the -u form. | ||
{| class="wikitable" align=center | |||
|+ '''Second declension, neuter''' | |||
! rowspan="3" | | |||
! colspan="3" | ''bolóto'' - "swamp" | |||
! colspan="3" | ''sòńce'' - "sun" | |||
! colspan="3" | ''žytiḗ'' - "life" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" |'''Singular''' | |||
! colspan="3" |'''Dual''' | |||
! colspan="3" |'''Plural''' | |||
|- | |||
! Hard | |||
! Soft | |||
! Long Soft | |||
! Hard | |||
! Soft | |||
! Long Soft | |||
! Hard | |||
! Soft | |||
! Long Soft | |||
|- | |||
| '''Nominative''' || bolót'''o''' || sònc'''e''' || žyt'''iḗ''' || bolóť'''i''' || sońć'''í''' || žyt'''ī́''' || bolóť'''a''' || sonc'''iá''' || žyt'''iḗ''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Genitive''' || bolót'''a''' || sònc'''e''' || žỳt'''iē''' || bol'''í'''t || sońć'''íw''' || žyt'''ī́w'''/žýť'''ī'''<sup>1</sup> || bol'''í'''t || sòn'''e'''c || žyť'''ī́w'''/žýť'''ī'''<sup>1</sup> | |||
|- | |||
| '''Dative''' || bolót'''u''' || sònc'''e''' || žỳt'''iū''' || bolót'''oma''' || sońć'''íma''' || žyt'''ī́ma''' || bolót'''om''' || sònc'''iem''' || žyt'''iḗm''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Accusative''' || bolót'''o''' || sònc'''e''' || žỳt'''iē''' || bolóť'''i''' || sońć'''í''' || žyť'''ī́''' || bolóť'''a''' || sonc'''iá''' || žyt'''iḗ''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Instrumental''' || bolót'''om''' || sònc'''e''' || žyt'''iḗm''' || bolót'''oma''' || sońć'''íma''' || žyť'''ī́ma''' || bolot'''ámy''' || sonc'''iámy''' || žyť'''ī́my''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Locative'''<sup>2</sup> || bolóť'''i''' || sòńć'''i''' || žyt'''ī́''' || bolót'''och''' || sonc'''iéch''' || žyť'''ī́ch''' || bolót'''och''' || sonc'''iéch''' || žyť'''ī́ch''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Vocative''' || bolót'''o''' || sònc'''e''' || žỳt'''iē''' || bolóť'''i''' || sońć'''í''' || žyt'''iḗ''' || bolóť'''a''' || sonc'''iá''' || žyt'''iḗ''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
#The older form ''žýťī'' is often used, but the newer ''žyťī́w'' is more used in areas, where Ukrainian dominates. | |||
#The second palatalization do not occure in long soft subtype. | |||
====Third declension==== | |||
Though once containing both feminine and masculine nouns, this declension now consists only of '''feminine''' nouns that end in a consonant. All third type masculine nouns are now declined as the second soft type ones, for instance: earlier ''звѣ́р/zwěr'' - ''звѣри́/zwěrí'' ("animal", nominative and genitive singular) became ''звíр/zwír'' - ''звíра/zwíra''. | |||
{| class="wikitable" align=center | |||
|+ '''Third declension''' | |||
! rowspan="3" | | |||
! colspan="3" | ''nìcz'' - "night" | |||
! colspan="3" | ''ťìń'' - "shadow" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |'''Singular''' | |||
! colspan="2" |'''Dual''' | |||
! colspan="2" |'''Plural''' | |||
|- | |||
! Hard | |||
! Soft | |||
! Hard | |||
! Soft | |||
! Hard | |||
! Soft | |||
|- | |||
| '''Nominative''' || n'''ì'''cz || ťíń || nòcz'''i''' || ťíń'''i''' || nòcz'''y''' || ťín'''i''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Genitive''' || nòcz'''y''' || ťín'''iy''' || nocz'''ȳ́''' || ťín'''ȳ''' || nocz'''ȳ́''' || ťín'''ȳ''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Dative''' || nòcz'''i''' || ťíń'''i''' || nocz'''ýma''' || ťíń'''ima''' || nocz'''ám''' || ťíń'''am''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Accusative'''|| n'''ì'''cz || ťíń || nòcz'''i''' || ťíń'''i''' || nòcz'''y''' || ťíń'''i''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Instrumental''' || nòcz'''ew''' || ťín'''ew''' || nocz'''ýma''' || ťíń'''ima''' || nocz'''ámy''' || ťín'''iamy''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Locative''' || nocz'''í''' || ťíń'''i''' || nòcz'''ach''' || ťín'''iach''' || nòcz'''ach''' || ťíń'''ach''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Vocative''' || nòcz'''e''' || ťín'''e''' || nòcz'''i''' || ťíń'''i''' || nòcz'''y''' || ťíń'''i''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Fourth declension==== | |||
This declension consists of solely '''neuter''' nouns that are derived from Common Slavic *ę. There are two distinct subgroups: "'''t'''" and "'''n'''". The '''s''' subgroup was obsolete already in Old East Slavonic and became a part of the second declension, for example: early Old Ruthenian ''slòwo'' - ''slowesá'' ("word", nominative singular and plural) became Old Ruthenian ''slòwo'' - ''slowā́'' and finally Ruthenian ''slòwo'' - ''slowá''. | |||
{| class="wikitable" align=center | |||
|+ '''Fourth declension''' | |||
! rowspan="3" | | |||
! colspan="3" | ''ìmje'' - "name" | |||
! colspan="3" | ''teliỳ'' - "calf" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |'''Singular''' | |||
! colspan="2" |'''Dual''' | |||
! colspan="2" |'''Plural''' | |||
|- | |||
! Hard | |||
! Soft | |||
! Hard | |||
! Soft | |||
! Hard | |||
! Soft | |||
|- | |||
| '''Nominative''' || ìm'''jy''' || teliỳ || ime'''ní''' || teliý'''ťi''' || ime'''ná''' || teliý'''ta''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Genitive''' || ìme'''ny''' || teliý'''ta''' || imè'''n''' || teliý'''t''' || imè'''n''' || teliý'''t''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Dative''' || ìme'''ńi''' || teliý'''tu''' || ime'''nóma''' || teliý'''toma''' || ime'''nóm''' || teliý'''tom''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Accusative'''|| ìm'''jy''' || teliỳ || ime'''ní''' || teliý'''ťi''' || ime'''ná''' || teliý'''t''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Instrumental''' || ìme'''nem''' || teliý'''tom''' || ime'''nóma''' || teliý'''toma''' || imen'''ámy''' || teliý'''tamy''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Locative''' || ìme'''ńi''' || teliý'''ti''' || ime'''nóch''' || teliý'''toch''' || ime'''nóch''' || teliý'''toch''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Vocative''' || ìm'''jy''' || teliỳ || ime'''ní''' || teliý'''ťi''' || ime'''ná''' || teliý'''ta''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Adjectives=== | |||
Ruthenian adjectives always agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case. Like in nouns there are 2 different declension types: hard and soft. | |||
{| align=center class="wikitable" | |||
|+ '''Hard Declension''' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | ''bílȳ'' - "white" | |||
! colspan="3" | ''sýniȳ'' - "blue" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="3" align="center" |'''Singular''' !! rowspan="2" align="center" |'''Dual''' !! rowspan="2" align="center" |'''Plural''' | |||
|- | |||
! Masculine | |||
! Neuter | |||
! Feminine | |||
|- | |||
| '''Nominative''' || bíl'''ȳ''' || bíl'''ā''' || bíl'''ē''' || bíľ'''i''' || bíl'''i''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Genitive''' || bíl'''oho''' || bíl'''oj(i)''' || bíl'''oho''' || bíl'''ych'''|| bíl'''ych''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Dative''' || bíl'''omu''' || bíľ'''ī''' || bíl'''omu''' || bíl'''yma''' || bíl'''ym''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Accusative'''<sup>1</sup> || bíl'''ȳ/oho''' || bíl'''ū''' || bíl'''ē/oho''' || bíľ'''i''' || bíl'''ych''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Instrumental''' || bíl'''ym''' || bíl'''ow''' || bíl'''ym''' || bíl'''yma''' || bíl'''ymy''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Locative''' || bíľ'''īm''' || bíľ'''ī''' || bíľ'''īm''' || bíl'''ych''' || bíl'''ych''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
#A difference between animate and inanimate adjectives is made in the accusative case. | |||
{| align=center class="wikitable" | |||
|+ '''Hard Declension''' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | ''bílȳ'' - "white" | |||
! colspan="3" | ''sýniȳ'' - "blue" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="3" align="center" |'''Singular''' !! rowspan="2" align="center" |'''Dual''' !! rowspan="2" align="center" |'''Plural''' | |||
|- | |||
! Masculine | |||
! Neuter | |||
! Feminine | |||
|- | |||
| '''Nominative''' || sýn'''iȳ''' || sýn'''iā''' || sýn'''iē''' || sýń'''i''' || sýń'''i''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Genitive''' || sýn'''eho''' || sýn'''ȳ''' || sýn'''eho''' || sýn'''ych''' || sýn'''ych''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Dative''' || sýn'''emu''' || sýn'''ī''' || sýn'''emu''' || sýn'''yma''' || sýn'''iym''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Accusative'''<sup>1</sup> || sýn'''iȳ/eho''' || sýn'''iū''' || sýn'''iē/eho''' || sýń'''i''' || sýń'''ych''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Instrumental''' || sýn'''ym''' || sýn'''ew''' || sýn'''ym''' || sýn'''yma''' || sýn'''ymy''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Locative''' || sýń'''īm''' || sýń'''ī''' || sýń'''īm''' || sýn'''iych''' || sýn'''iych''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
#A difference between animate and inanimate adjectives is made in the accusative case. | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Slavic languages]] | [[Category:Slavic languages]] |
edits