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Gapauti: Difference between revisions
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(Gapauti Phonology) |
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==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
Word order is Subject-Object-Verb-Oblique, with adjectives placed before their nouns and postpositions used as adpositions. | |||
*"Mary opened the red door with a key" = "Mary the red door opened with a key" | |||
===Nouns=== | |||
====Noun Morphology==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:600px;" | |||
! colspan="2"| | |||
! colspan="2"|Singular | |||
! colspan="2"|Plural | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"|Nominative | |||
! Animate | |||
| child | |||
| '''xirig''' /xi'rig/ | |||
| children | |||
| Suffix: '''-''' /-/<br />'''xirig''' /xi'rig/ | |||
|- | |||
! Inanimate | |||
| stone | |||
| '''ngeki''' /'ŋeki/ | |||
| stones | |||
| Suffix: '''-(a)sh''' /-(a)ʃ/<br />'''ngekish''' /'ŋekiʃ/ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"|Accusative | |||
! Animate | |||
| child | |||
| Suffix: '''-(u)ki''' /-(u)kʰi/<br />'''xiriguki''' /xi'rigukʰi/ | |||
| chidren | |||
| Suffix: '''-u''' /-u/<br />'''xirigu''' /xi'rigu/ | |||
|- | |||
! Inanimate | |||
| stone | |||
| Suffix: '''-(a)g''' /-(a)g/<br />'''ngekig''' /'ŋekig/ | |||
| stones | |||
| Suffix: '''-u''' /-u/<br />'''ngekiu''' /'ŋekiu/ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"|Genitive | |||
! Animate | |||
| child's | |||
| Suffix: '''-i''' /-i/<br />'''xirigi''' /xi'rigi/ | |||
| children's | |||
| Suffix: '''-(a)sh''' /-(a)ʃ/<br />'''xirigash''' /xi'rigaʃ/ | |||
|- | |||
! Inanimate | |||
| stone's | |||
| Suffix: '''-(e)sh''' /-(e)ʃ/ '''ngekish''' /'ŋekiʃ/ | |||
| stones' | |||
| Suffix: '''-(e)r''' /-(e)ɾ/ '''ngekish''' /'ŋekiɾ/ | |||
|} | |||
====Definitive Article==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:600px;" | |||
! colspan="2"| | |||
! colspan="2"|Singular | |||
! colspan="2"|Plural | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"|Nominative | |||
!Animate | |||
|the [child] | |||
|'''tat''' /tat/ | |||
|the [children] | |||
|'''tsap''' /tsap/ | |||
|- | |||
!Inanimate | |||
|the [stone] | |||
|'''peg''' /pʰeg/ | |||
|the [stones] | |||
|'''peg''' /pʰeg/ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"|Accusative | |||
!Animate | |||
|the [child] | |||
|'''tsa''' /tsa/ | |||
|the [children] | |||
|'''ngeg''' /ŋeg/ | |||
|- | |||
!Inanimate | |||
|the [stone] | |||
|'''xesh''' /xeʃ/ | |||
|the [stones] | |||
|'''shug''' /ʃug/ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"|Genitive | |||
!Animate | |||
|the [child] | |||
|'''tsi''' /tsi/ | |||
|the [children] | |||
|'''ngem''' /ŋem/ | |||
|- | |||
!Inanimate | |||
|the [stone] | |||
|'''tsush''' /tsuʃ/ | |||
|the [stones] | |||
|'''tus''' /tʰus/ | |||
|} | |||
Uses of definite article that differ from English: | |||
*Definite article can be omitted: example, ‘I am going to jacuzzi’ | |||
*Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: English's ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’ | |||
====Indefinite Article==== | |||
Gapauti does not use an indefinite article. | |||
====Personal Pronouns==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:750px;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="1"| | |||
!colspan="2"|Nominative | |||
!colspan="2"|Accusative | |||
!colspan="2"|Genitive | |||
!colspan="2"|Dative | |||
|- | |||
!1st. Singular | |||
|I | |||
|'''tse'''<br />/tse/ | |||
|me | |||
|'''tsang'''<br />/tsaŋ/ | |||
|mine | |||
|'''tse gas'''<br />/tse gas/ | |||
|to me | |||
|'''tse tat'''<br />/tse tat/ | |||
|- | |||
!2nd. Singular | |||
|you | |||
|'''ti'''<br />/ti/ | |||
|you | |||
|'''tet'''<br />/tet/ | |||
|yours | |||
|'''ti gas'''<br />/ti gas/ | |||
|to you | |||
|'''ti tat'''<br />/ti tat/ | |||
|- | |||
!3rd. Singular | |||
|he/she/it | |||
|'''tsi'''<br />/tsi/ | |||
|him/her/it | |||
|'''tsu'''<br />/tsu/ | |||
|his/hers/its | |||
|'''tsi gas'''<br />/tsi gas/ | |||
|to him/her/it | |||
|'''tsi tat'''<br />/tsi tat/ | |||
|- | |||
!1st. Plural | |||
|we | |||
|'''par'''<br />/pʰaɾ/ | |||
|us | |||
|'''ped'''<br />/pʰed/ | |||
|ours | |||
|'''par gas'''<br />/pʰaɾ gas/ | |||
|to us | |||
|'''par tat'''<br />/pʰaɾ tat/ | |||
|- | |||
!2nd. Plural | |||
|you | |||
|'''ngesh'''<br />/ŋeʃ/ | |||
|you | |||
|'''ngesh'''<br />/ŋeʃ/ | |||
|yours | |||
|'''ngesh gas'''<br />/ŋeʃ gas/ | |||
|to you | |||
|'''ngesh tat'''<br />/ŋeʃ tat/ | |||
|- | |||
!3rd. Plural | |||
|they | |||
|'''pig'''<br />/pig/ | |||
|them | |||
|'''pir'''<br />/piɾ/ | |||
|theirs | |||
|''''pig gas'''<br />/pig gas/ | |||
|to them | |||
|'''pig tat'''<br />/pig tat/ | |||
|} | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:600px;" | |||
! colspan="2"| | |||
! colspan="1"|Past | |||
! colspan="1"|Present | |||
! colspan="1"|Future | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="7"|Perfective | |||
! | |||
| ''talked'' | |||
| ''talk'' | |||
| ''will talk'' | |||
|- | |||
! 1st. Sg | |||
| Suffix: '''-(a)sh''' /-(a)ʃ/<br />'''xash''' /xaʃ/ | |||
| Suffix: '''-(a)''' /-(a)/<br />'''xa''' /xa/ | |||
| Suffix: '''-u''' /-u/<br />'''xau''' /xa'u/ | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd. Sg | |||
| Suffix: '''-(e)d''' /-(e)d/<br />'''xad''' /xad/ | |||
| Suffix: '''-e''' /-e/<br />'''xae''' /xa'e/ | |||
| Suffix: '''-i''' /-i/<br />'''xai''' /xa'i/ | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd. Sg | |||
| Suffix: '''-u''' /-u/<br />'''xau''' /xa'u/ | |||
| Suffix: '''-(a)xe''' /-(a)xe/<br />'''xaxe''' /xa'xe/ | |||
| Suffix: '''-(a)d''' /-(a)d/<br />'''xad''' /xad/ | |||
|- | |||
! 1st. Pl | |||
| Suffix: '''-(a)ng''' /-(a)ŋ/<br />'''xang''' /xaŋ/ | |||
| Suffix: '''-i''' /-i/<br />'''xai''' /xa'i/ | |||
| Suffix: '''-(e)s''' /-(e)s/<br />'''xas''' /xas/ | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd. Pl | |||
| Suffix: '''-(e)n''' /-(e)n/<br />'''xan''' /xan/ | |||
| Suffix: '''-(e)ngu''' /-(e)ngu/<br />'''xangu''' /xa'ŋu/ | |||
| Suffix: '''-i''' /-i/<br />'''xai''' /xa'i/ | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd. Pl | |||
| Suffix: '''-i''' /-i/<br />'''xai''' /xa'i/ | |||
| Suffix: '''-(e)di''' /-(e)di/<br />'''xadi''' /xa'di/ | |||
| Suffix: '''-i''' /-i/<br />'''xai''' /xa'i/ | |||
|} | |||
* '''Perfect aspect''' -- uses the word '''shiple''' after the main verb -- ''"have talked"'' or xash shiple ("talked finish") | |||
* '''Progressive aspect''' -- uses the word '''dzi''' after the main verb -- ''"am talking"'' or xa dzi ("talk be") | |||
* '''Imperative''' -- uses the same conjugation as 2nd-person present-tense -- ''"talk!" (as a command)'' or xae | |||
* '''Negation''' -- adds the suffix '''-u''' /-u/ to the verb -- ''"do not talk"'' or xaeu | |||
**Tense affixes come between the root verb and the negative affix | |||