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Gapauti (view source)

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→‎Grammar
(Gapauti Phonology)
 
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==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Word order is Subject-Object-Verb-Oblique, with adjectives placed before their nouns and postpositions used as adpositions.
*"Mary opened the red door with a key" = "Mary the red door opened with a key"
===Nouns===
====Noun Morphology====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:600px;"
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="2"|Singular
! colspan="2"|Plural
|-
! rowspan="2"|Nominative
! Animate
| child
| '''xirig''' /xi'rig/
| children
| Suffix: '''-''' /-/<br />'''xirig''' /xi'rig/
|-
! Inanimate
| stone
| '''ngeki''' /'ŋeki/
| stones
| Suffix: '''-(a)sh''' /-(a)ʃ/<br />'''ngekish''' /'ŋekiʃ/
|-
! rowspan="2"|Accusative
! Animate
| child
|  Suffix: '''-(u)ki''' /-(u)kʰi/<br />'''xiriguki''' /xi'rigukʰi/
| chidren
|  Suffix: '''-u''' /-u/<br />'''xirigu''' /xi'rigu/
|-
! Inanimate
| stone
| Suffix: '''-(a)g''' /-(a)g/<br />'''ngekig''' /'ŋekig/
| stones
| Suffix: '''-u''' /-u/<br />'''ngekiu''' /'ŋekiu/
|-
! rowspan="2"|Genitive
! Animate
| child's
| Suffix: '''-i''' /-i/<br />'''xirigi''' /xi'rigi/
| children's
| Suffix: '''-(a)sh''' /-(a)ʃ/<br />'''xirigash''' /xi'rigaʃ/
|-
! Inanimate
| stone's
| Suffix: '''-(e)sh''' /-(e)ʃ/ '''ngekish''' /'ŋekiʃ/
| stones'
| Suffix: '''-(e)r''' /-(e)ɾ/ '''ngekish''' /'ŋekiɾ/
|}
====Definitive Article====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:600px;"
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="2"|Singular
! colspan="2"|Plural
|-
! rowspan="2"|Nominative
!Animate
|the [child]
|'''tat''' /tat/
|the [children]
|'''tsap''' /tsap/
|-
!Inanimate
|the [stone]
|'''peg''' /pʰeg/
|the [stones]
|'''peg''' /pʰeg/
|-
! rowspan="2"|Accusative
!Animate
|the [child]
|'''tsa''' /tsa/
|the [children]
|'''ngeg''' /ŋeg/
|-
!Inanimate
|the [stone]
|'''xesh''' /xeʃ/
|the [stones]
|'''shug''' /ʃug/
|-
! rowspan="2"|Genitive
!Animate
|the [child]
|'''tsi''' /tsi/
|the [children]
|'''ngem''' /ŋem/
|-
!Inanimate
|the [stone]
|'''tsush''' /tsuʃ/
|the [stones]
|'''tus''' /tʰus/
|}
Uses of definite article that differ from English:
*Definite article can be omitted: example, ‘I am going to jacuzzi’
*Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: English's ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’
====Indefinite Article====
Gapauti does not use an indefinite article.
====Personal Pronouns====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:750px;"
|-
!colspan="1"|
!colspan="2"|Nominative
!colspan="2"|Accusative
!colspan="2"|Genitive
!colspan="2"|Dative
|-
!1st. Singular
|I
|'''tse'''<br />/tse/
|me
|'''tsang'''<br />/tsaŋ/
|mine
|'''tse gas'''<br />/tse gas/
|to me
|'''tse tat'''<br />/tse tat/
|-
!2nd. Singular
|you
|'''ti'''<br />/ti/
|you
|'''tet'''<br />/tet/
|yours
|'''ti gas'''<br />/ti gas/
|to you
|'''ti tat'''<br />/ti tat/
|-
!3rd. Singular
|he/she/it
|'''tsi'''<br />/tsi/
|him/her/it
|'''tsu'''<br />/tsu/
|his/hers/its
|'''tsi gas'''<br />/tsi gas/
|to him/her/it
|'''tsi tat'''<br />/tsi tat/
|-
!1st. Plural
|we
|'''par'''<br />/pʰaɾ/
|us
|'''ped'''<br />/pʰed/
|ours
|'''par gas'''<br />/pʰaɾ gas/
|to us
|'''par tat'''<br />/pʰaɾ tat/
|-
!2nd. Plural
|you
|'''ngesh'''<br />/ŋeʃ/
|you
|'''ngesh'''<br />/ŋeʃ/
|yours
|'''ngesh gas'''<br />/ŋeʃ gas/
|to you
|'''ngesh tat'''<br />/ŋeʃ tat/
|-
!3rd. Plural
|they
|'''pig'''<br />/pig/
|them
|'''pir'''<br />/piɾ/
|theirs
|''''pig gas'''<br />/pig gas/
|to them
|'''pig tat'''<br />/pig tat/
|}
===Verbs===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:600px;"
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="1"|Past
! colspan="1"|Present
! colspan="1"|Future
|-
! rowspan="7"|Perfective
!
| ''talked''
| ''talk''
| ''will talk''
|-
! 1st. Sg
| Suffix: '''-(a)sh''' /-(a)ʃ/<br />'''xash''' /xaʃ/
| Suffix: '''-(a)''' /-(a)/<br />'''xa''' /xa/
| Suffix: '''-u''' /-u/<br />'''xau''' /xa'u/
|-
! 2nd. Sg
| Suffix: '''-(e)d''' /-(e)d/<br />'''xad''' /xad/
| Suffix: '''-e''' /-e/<br />'''xae''' /xa'e/
| Suffix: '''-i''' /-i/<br />'''xai''' /xa'i/
|-
! 3rd. Sg
| Suffix: '''-u''' /-u/<br />'''xau''' /xa'u/
| Suffix: '''-(a)xe''' /-(a)xe/<br />'''xaxe''' /xa'xe/
| Suffix: '''-(a)d''' /-(a)d/<br />'''xad''' /xad/
|-
! 1st. Pl
| Suffix: '''-(a)ng''' /-(a)ŋ/<br />'''xang''' /xaŋ/
| Suffix: '''-i''' /-i/<br />'''xai''' /xa'i/
| Suffix: '''-(e)s''' /-(e)s/<br />'''xas''' /xas/
|-
! 2nd. Pl
| Suffix: '''-(e)n''' /-(e)n/<br />'''xan''' /xan/
| Suffix: '''-(e)ngu''' /-(e)ngu/<br />'''xangu''' /xa'ŋu/
| Suffix: '''-i''' /-i/<br />'''xai''' /xa'i/
|-
! 3rd. Pl
| Suffix: '''-i''' /-i/<br />'''xai''' /xa'i/
| Suffix: '''-(e)di''' /-(e)di/<br />'''xadi''' /xa'di/
| Suffix: '''-i''' /-i/<br />'''xai''' /xa'i/
|}
* '''Perfect aspect''' -- uses the word '''shiple''' after the main verb -- ''"have talked"'' or xash shiple ("talked finish")
* '''Progressive aspect''' -- uses the word '''dzi''' after the main verb -- ''"am talking"'' or xa dzi ("talk be")
* '''Imperative''' -- uses the same conjugation as 2nd-person present-tense -- ''"talk!" (as a command)'' or xae
* '''Negation''' -- adds the suffix '''-u''' /-u/ to the verb -- ''"do not talk"'' or xaeu
**Tense affixes come between the root verb and the negative affix
Z2a
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