7,122
edits
Celabrian: Difference between revisions
→Tense, mood, aspect
(→Voice) |
|||
| Line 1,052: | Line 1,052: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | Aorist !! Indicative | ! rowspan="2" | Aorist !! Indicative | ||
| Simple action in past. || Simple action in frame of reference. || ''<b>P</b>-1'' || rowspan="2" | The aorist is considered the default tense. It expresses a simple action without reference to timeframe or completion. | | Simple action in past. || Simple action in frame of reference. || ''<!--b-->P<!--/b-->-1'' || rowspan="2" | The aorist is considered the default tense. It expresses a simple action without reference to timeframe or completion. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Subjunctive | ! Subjunctive | ||
| colspan="2" | Simple action in frame of reference. || ''P''-<b>aš</b>-''1'' | | colspan="2" | Simple action in frame of reference. || ''P''-<!--b-->aš<!--/b-->-''1'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | Perfect !! Indicative | ! rowspan="2" | Perfect !! Indicative | ||
| An action in the past that has present relevance. || An action before frame of reference that is still relevant. || ṭ<u>a</u>-''<b>P</b>-1'' || rowspan="2" | The perfect prefix ''ṭ<u>a</u>-'' can be added to other tenses to convert them into perfects. | | An action in the past that has present relevance. || An action before frame of reference that is still relevant. || ṭ<u>a</u>-''<!--b-->P<!--/b-->-1'' || rowspan="2" | The perfect prefix ''ṭ<u>a</u>-'' can be added to other tenses to convert them into perfects. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Subjunctive | ! Subjunctive | ||
| colspan="2" | An action before frame of reference that is still relevant. || ṭ<u>a</u>-''P''-<b>aš</b>-''1'' | | colspan="2" | An action before frame of reference that is still relevant. || ṭ<u>a</u>-''P''-<!--b-->aš<!--/b-->-''1'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | Habitual !! Indicative | ! rowspan="2" | Habitual !! Indicative | ||
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | A habitual/repeated action in frame of reference. || ''P''-(<u>ə</u>)m-''<b>2</b>'' || rowspan="2" | | | rowspan="2" colspan="2" | A habitual/repeated action in frame of reference. || ''P''-(<u>ə</u>)m-''<!--b-->2<!--/b-->'' || rowspan="2" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Subjunctive | ! Subjunctive | ||
| ''P''-(<u>ə</u>)m-<b>aš</b>-''1'' | | ''P''-(<u>ə</u>)m-<!--b-->aš<!--/b-->-''1'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | Progressive !! Indicative | ! rowspan="2" | Progressive !! Indicative | ||
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | An ongoing action in frame of reference. || ''I''-(<u>ə</u>)t-''<b>2</b>'' || rowspan="2" | | | rowspan="2" colspan="2" | An ongoing action in frame of reference. || ''I''-(<u>ə</u>)t-''<!--b-->2<!--/b-->'' || rowspan="2" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Subjunctive | ! Subjunctive | ||
| ''I''-(<u>ə</u>)t-<b>aš</b>-''1'' | | ''I''-(<u>ə</u>)t-<!--b-->aš<!--/b-->-''1'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | Imperfect !! Indicative | ! rowspan="2" | Imperfect !! Indicative | ||
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | An ongoing action before frame of reference. || ''<b>I</b>-1'' || rowspan="2" | | | rowspan="2" colspan="2" | An ongoing action before frame of reference. || ''<!--b-->I<!--/b-->-1'' || rowspan="2" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Subjunctive | ! Subjunctive | ||
| ''I''-<b>aš</b>-''1'' | | ''I''-<!--b-->aš<!--/b-->-''1'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | Past !! Indicative | ! rowspan="2" | Past !! Indicative | ||
| An action in the past. || An action that took place before frame of reference. || p<u>a</u>-''<b>P</b>-1'' || rowspan="2" | The past prefix ''p<u>a</u>-'' can be added to other tenses to place them in a past frame of reference. | | An action in the past. || An action that took place before frame of reference. || p<u>a</u>-''<!--b-->P<!--/b-->-1'' || rowspan="2" | The past prefix ''p<u>a</u>-'' can be added to other tenses to place them in a past frame of reference. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Subjunctive | ! Subjunctive | ||
| colspan="2" | An action that took place before frame of reference. || p<u>a</u>-''P''-<b>aš</b>-''1'' | | colspan="2" | An action that took place before frame of reference. || p<u>a</u>-''P''-<!--b-->aš<!--/b-->-''1'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | Future !! Indicative | ! rowspan="2" | Future !! Indicative | ||
| An action in the future. || An action that will take place after frame of reference. || ho-''<b>P</b>-1'' || rowspan="2" | The future prefix ''ho-'' can be added to other tenses to place them in a future frame of reference. | | An action in the future. || An action that will take place after frame of reference. || ho-''<!--b-->P<!--/b-->-1'' || rowspan="2" | The future prefix ''ho-'' can be added to other tenses to place them in a future frame of reference. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Subjunctive | ! Subjunctive | ||
| colspan="2" | An action that will take place after frame of reference. || ho-''P''-<b>aš</b>-''1'' | | colspan="2" | An action that will take place after frame of reference. || ho-''P''-<!--b-->aš<!--/b-->-''1'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Imperative | ! colspan="2" | Imperative | ||
| Forms a command or request in the second person. || – || SI: ''<b>D</b>'' <br />SF/P:''<b>D</b>''-(ə)t || rowspan="2" | The imperative is only used for the second person, and only when it is the absolutive argument of the verb. Otherwise, the jussive is used. The jussive can also be used as a more gentle/polite affirmative second person command. | | Forms a command or request in the second person. || – || SI: ''<!--b-->D<!--/b-->'' <br />SF/P:''<!--b-->D<!--/b-->''-(ə)t || rowspan="2" | The imperative is only used for the second person, and only when it is the absolutive argument of the verb. Otherwise, the jussive is used. The jussive can also be used as a more gentle/polite affirmative second person command. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Jussive | ! colspan="2" | Jussive | ||
| Forms a command or request, or expresses an obligation. || Expresses an obligation in the frame of reference. || ''<b>D</b>-1'' | | Forms a command or request, or expresses an obligation. || Expresses an obligation in the frame of reference. || ''<!--b-->D<!--/b-->-1'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Optative | ! colspan="2" | Optative | ||
| Expresses a wish, or encourages an action. || Expresses a wish in the frame of reference. || ''D''-'''aš'''-''1'' || Can be translated as "should/must" when the subject has control over the action, and "may" when the subject does not. Can also be used as a more gentle alternative to the jussive or imperative. | | Expresses a wish, or encourages an action. || Expresses a wish in the frame of reference. || ''D''-<!--'''-->aš<!--'''-->-''1'' || Can be translated as "should/must" when the subject has control over the action, and "may" when the subject does not. Can also be used as a more gentle alternative to the jussive or imperative. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Conditional | ! colspan="2" | Conditional | ||
| colspan="2" | Expresses a hypothetical event/state that is dependent on some condition. || ṭ<u>a</u>-''<b>D</b>-1'' || Can be translated as "would (have)". | | colspan="2" | Expresses a hypothetical event/state that is dependent on some condition. || ṭ<u>a</u>-''<!--b-->D<!--/b-->-1'' || Can be translated as "would (have)". | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Presumptive | ! colspan="2" | Presumptive | ||
| colspan="2" | Expresses a hypothetical event/state that is presupposed to be true. || ṭa-''D-1''-'''aš'''-''1'' || The presumptive is often paired with the conditional. | | colspan="2" | Expresses a hypothetical event/state that is presupposed to be true. || ṭa-''D-1''-<!--'''-->aš<!--'''-->-''1'' || The presumptive is often paired with the conditional. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
'''Notes:''' | <!--'''-->Notes:<!--'''--> | ||
<sup><small>1</small></sup> ''P'' = perfective stem; ''I'' = imperfective stem; ''D'' = deontic stem; ''1'' = primary personal endings; ''2'' = secondary personal endings | <sup><small>1</small></sup> ''P'' = perfective stem; ''I'' = imperfective stem; ''D'' = deontic stem; ''1'' = primary personal endings; ''2'' = secondary personal endings; (<u>ə</u>) = added when needed for pronunciation. Stress is always on last syllable before personal ending. | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
*'''Aorist''' (''<b>P</b>-1'') | *'''Aorist''' (''<b>P</b>-1'') | ||