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Eighth edition lekma: Difference between revisions
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As for introduction of lekma/ˈleχmɐ/, it is a conlang, my reason to constructure a miniature language is, to make is | As for introduction of lekma /ˈleχmɐ/, it is a conlang, my reason to constructure a miniature language is, to make is a way to learn about languages, also to know languages has much affect on it, so it is under construction. Thanks for visitting this site. | ||
A lekma structure is as follows, an interjection/connection + an agent × an object × a verb | A lekma structure is as follows, an interjection/connection + an agent × an object × a verb + a subject/topic × a particle. | ||
{{trans-top|Attributions}} | {{trans-top|Attributions}} | ||
adnoun + noun. // adverb + verb. // noun + adnoun clause. // noun + adjectifier + noun. // prefix + noun. // noun + suffix. // noun + suffix + adjectifier + noun. // | adnoun + noun. // adverb + verb. // noun + adnoun clause. //verb + adverb clause. // noun + adjectifier + main noun. // prefix + noun. // noun + suffix. // noun + suffix + adjectifier + main noun. // affix × noun + particle. // particle + affix × noun. // affix × noun + adjectifier + main noun + particle. // sub clause + main clause. | ||
{{trans-bottom}} | {{trans-bottom}} | ||
==Phonology== | |||
=Phonology= | |||
Graphemes are listed below the each phonemes. | Graphemes are listed below the each phonemes. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| ɾ<br>l,-r | | ɾ<br>l,-r | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
These | These with * are rare. | ||
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| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
There are two | There are two ways distinction by vowel length. | ||
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{{trans-mid|1}} | {{trans-mid|1}} | ||
* V | * V | ||
* a | * a:allophone;â | ||
* á:allophones;ae;ai;oa | * á:allophones;ae;ai;oa | ||
* e | * e | ||
* | * é:allophones;ei;é;ea | ||
* ö:allophones;eu | * i | ||
* | * î | ||
* | * í | ||
* o | |||
* ö:allophones;eu;oi | |||
* ó:allophone;ou | |||
* u | |||
* ü | |||
* ú:allophones;;ue;ua;uo | |||
{{trans-mid|2}} | {{trans-mid|2}} | ||
* C | * C | ||
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{{trans-bottom}} | {{trans-bottom}} | ||
===Declension=== | ===Declension=== | ||
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! style="width: 90px; "| | ! style="width: 90px; "| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "| | ! style="text-align: center; "|uac/ʋɐk/ | ||
| sac/sɐk/ | | sac/sɐk/ | ||
| nac/nɐk/ | | nac/nɐk/ | ||
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| I | | I | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "| | ! style="text-align: center; "|uue/ʋyː/ | ||
| sü/syː/ | | sü/syː/ | ||
| nü/nyː/ | | nü/nyː/ | ||
| uü/ʋyː/[ʔyː] | | uü/ʋyː/[ʔyː] | ||
| uües/ʋyːs/ | | uües/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs] | ||
| süen,nüen,ʋüen/ | | süen,nüen,ʋüen/ʋyːen/ | ||
| uüens/ʔyːens/ | | uüens/ʔyːens/ | ||
| You | | You | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "| | ! style="text-align: center; "|hia/ɦiä/ | ||
| íasaé/ɦiänsäe/ | | íasaé/ɦiänsäe/ | ||
| íanaé/ɦiänäe/ | | íanaé/ɦiänäe/ | ||
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| They (singular) | | They (singular) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "| | ! style="text-align: center; "|hae/ʋae/ | ||
| aesaé/ʔaesäe/ | | aesaé/ʔaesäe/ | ||
| aenaé/ʔaenäe/ | | aenaé/ʔaenäe/ | ||
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|} | |} | ||
===Conjugation=== | ===Conjugation=== | ||
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! style="width: 90px; "| | ! style="width: 90px; "| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "| | ! style="text-align: center; "|sel/sel/ | ||
| ser/sel/,[seɾ] | | ser/sel/,[seɾ] | ||
| seat/seɦät/ | | seat/seɦät/ | ||
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| be | | be | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "| | ! style="text-align: center; "|bal/bäl/ | ||
| bar/bäl/,[bäɾ] | | bar/bäl/,[bäɾ] | ||
| baat/ | | baat/päɦät/ | ||
| bád/ | | bád/päːt/ | ||
| balínda/ | | balínda/pälindɐ/[bäˈindɐ] | ||
| balínt/ | | balínt/pälint/[bäˈint] | ||
| have | | have | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "| | ! style="text-align: center; "|tel/tel/ | ||
| ter/tel/,[teɾ] | | ter/tel/,[teɾ] | ||
| teat/teɦät/ | | teat/teɦät/ | ||
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|} | |} | ||
===Lexicon=== | |||
{{trans-top| reading basis /visual basis *development}} | {{trans-top| reading basis /visual basis *development}} | ||
* I: kkac /uac | * I: kkac /uac | ||
* you (singular): kküe / | * you (singular): kküe /uue | ||
* he: hhonn /han | * he: hhonn /han | ||
* we: kkácen /nacen | * we: kkácen /nacen | ||
* you (plural): kküeen /nuen | * you (plural): kküeen /nuen | ||
* they: | * they: hhia /hia | ||
* this : torce /toc,hia,dui | * this : torce /toc,hia,dui | ||
* that: kkáe /hae | * that: kkáe /hae | ||
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* few: làes /leas | * few: làes /leas | ||
* other: né daes /neidae | * other: né daes /neidae | ||
* one: éna,ená,ésa,esá / | * one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ena,esa | ||
* two: tzue /dva | * two: tzue /dva | ||
* three: mal /mal | * three: mal /mal | ||
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* thick: bala /uncertain | * thick: bala /uncertain | ||
* heavy: né fie /neifias | * heavy: né fie /neifias | ||
* small: | * small: uncertain /tis | ||
* short: kul /uncertain | * short: kul /uncertain | ||
* narrow: tis /tsm | * narrow: tis /tsm | ||
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* breast: bec /fec | * breast: bec /fec | ||
* heart: kel /kor | * heart: kel /kor | ||
* liver: kel / | * liver: kel /uncertain | ||
* to drink: sifel /drk | * to drink: sifel /drk | ||
* to eat: nem /nhm | * to eat: nem /nhm | ||
* to bite: tzaunel /tnf | * to bite: tzaunel /tnf | ||
* to suck: sifel / | * to suck: sifel /uncertain | ||
* to spit: nemel / | * to spit: nemel /uncertain | ||
* to vomit: tue dae nems / | * to vomit: tue dae nems /uncertain | ||
* to blow: bolel / | * to blow: bolel /uncertain | ||
* to breathe: nesel / | * to breathe: nesel /uncertain | ||
* to laugh: hrak /rch | * to laugh: hrak /rch | ||
* to see: vis /ver | * to see: vis /ver | ||
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* to think: canel /dik | * to think: canel /dik | ||
{{trans-mid}} | {{trans-mid}} | ||
* to smell: nesel / | * to smell: nesel /uncertain | ||
* to fear: bai / | * to fear: bai /uncertain | ||
* to sleep: bei /slf | * to sleep: bei /slf | ||
* to live: súmel / | * to live: súmel /uncertain | ||
* to die: né súmel / | * to die: né súmel /uncertain | ||
* to kill: sral / | * to kill: sral /uncertain | ||
* to fight: sral / | * to fight: sral /uncertain | ||
* to hunt: sral / | * to hunt: sral /uncertain | ||
* to hit: láb /lfn | * to hit: láb /lfn | ||
* to cut: kul / | * to cut: kul /uncertain | ||
* to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval | * to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval | ||
* to stab: binn / | * to stab: binn /uncertain | ||
* to scratch: skilel / | * to scratch: skilel /uncertain | ||
* to dig: binn /nem | * to dig: binn /nem | ||
* to swim: | * to swim: uncertain /svi | ||
* to fly: | * to fly: uncertain /fei | ||
* to walk: salkel / | * to walk: salkel /uncertain | ||
* to come: hhim /clm | * to come: hhim /clm | ||
* to lie (as in a bed): lob / | * to lie (as in a bed): lob /uncertain | ||
* to sit: sidel /set | * to sit: sidel /set | ||
* to stand: hrec /tnd | * to stand: hrec /tnd | ||
* to turn (intransitive): silkel / | * to turn (intransitive): silkel /uncertain | ||
* to fall: feiel /fei | * to fall: feiel /fei | ||
* to give: túe /tue | * to give: túe /tue | ||
* to hold: hrantel / | * to hold: hrantel /uncertain | ||
* to squeeze: tzecal / | * to squeeze: tzecal /uncertain | ||
* to rub: vask / | * to rub: vask /uncertain | ||
* to wash: vask /uncertain | * to wash: vask /uncertain | ||
* to wipe: vaskel /vsk | * to wipe: vaskel /vsk | ||
* to pull: tec / | * to pull: tec /uncertain | ||
* to push: tec,ffon / | * to push: tec,ffon /uncertain | ||
* to throw: tue toc náe / | * to throw: tue toc náe /uncertain | ||
* to tie: ticel /bnd | * to tie: ticel /bnd | ||
* to sew: ffinticel / | * to sew: ffinticel /uncertain | ||
* to count: teltzif / | * to count: teltzif /uncertain | ||
* to say: srua /seu | * to say: srua /seu | ||
* to sing: séunel /seu | * to sing: séunel /seu | ||
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* to flow: ae /flt | * to flow: ae /flt | ||
* to freeze: íelel /iel | * to freeze: íelel /iel | ||
* to swell: rcol / | * to swell: rcol /uncertain | ||
* sun: hrá / | * sun: hrá /uncertain | ||
* moon: daehrá /mun | * moon: daehrá /mun | ||
* star: lucz /trl | * star: lucz /trl | ||
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* stone: shè /stn | * stone: shè /stn | ||
* sand: sahr /snd | * sand: sahr /snd | ||
* dust: hroma / | * dust: hroma /uncertain | ||
* earth: thi /nulmaf | * earth: thi /nulmaf | ||
* cloud: küt /sku | * cloud: küt /sku | ||
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* smoke: féu /feo | * smoke: féu /feo | ||
* fire: féu /feo | * fire: féu /feo | ||
* ash: daeféu / | * ash: daeféu /uncertain | ||
* to burn: tocféu tue /feol | * to burn: tocféu tue /feol | ||
* road: vei /vec | * road: vei /vec | ||
* mountain: | * mountain: uncertain /mon | ||
* red: hrot /rod | * red: hrot /rod | ||
* green: léu /crn | * green: léu /crn | ||
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* cold: íels /chl | * cold: íels /chl | ||
* full: buk /ful | * full: buk /ful | ||
* new: bil / | * new: bil /uncertain | ||
* old: né bil / | * old: né bil /uncertain | ||
* good: hhim /bim | * good: hhim /bim | ||
* bad: né hhim / | * bad: né hhim /uncertain | ||
* rotten: tocel nae / | * rotten: tocel nae /uncertain | ||
* dirty: mud / | * dirty: mud /uncertain | ||
* straight: bim / | * straight: bim /uncertain | ||
* round: kadbal / | * round: kadbal /uncertain | ||
* sharp (as a knife): dis / | * sharp (as a knife): dis /uncertain | ||
* dull (as a knife): dos / | * dull (as a knife): dos /uncertain | ||
* smooth: dilel / | * smooth: dilel /uncertain | ||
* wet: súmmuí /vods | * wet: súmmuí /vods | ||
* dry: sekal /sek | * dry: sekal /sek | ||
* correct: bim / | * correct: bim /uncertain | ||
* near: tocmas / | * near: tocmas /uncertain | ||
* far: naemas / | * far: naemas /uncertain | ||
* right: hris /rec | * right: hris /rec | ||
* left: chol /lic | * left: chol /lic | ||
* at: tzúi /zui,tui | * at: tzúi /zui,tui | ||
* in: lhea /ins | * in: lhea /ins | ||
* with: múi | * with: múi /mui | ||
* and: e,elk /elk | * and: e,elk /elk | ||
* if: o,sôm /som | * if: o,sôm /som | ||