118
edits
Ancient Raunan: Difference between revisions
Morphology: pronouns
(Nominal morphology) |
(Morphology: pronouns) |
||
| Line 281: | Line 281: | ||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih'i | | style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih'i | ||
|} | |} | ||
Typically, nouns do not carry any determiner in Ancient Raunan although they may be preceded by demonstratives: ''nah'' (this, a proximal demonstrative) and ''kwu'' (that, distal demonstrative). | |||
Common noun endings include the following derivational suffixes which yield nouns when applied to verbal stems ''-hlwa'' (verbal agents, as in ''mwauhlwa'', 'scribe', from ''mwau-rai'', 'to write'), ''-hta'' (results of an action, as in ''hwusihta'', 'breath', from ''hwusih-rai'', 'to breathe') and ''-nah'' (which often results in adjectives which may also be used as nouns, as in ''lihnah'', 'spouse; husband or wife', from ''lih-rau'', 'to marry'). | |||
===Pronouns=== | |||
Ancient Raunan pronouns are morphologically similar to nouns although they lack a distinct locative case (dative may be used instead in contexts where locative would be required or expected for a regular noun). | |||
Traditionally, Raunan included a distinction between 'inclusive we' (''rai'', including the listener) and 'exclusive we' (''ata'', not including the listener) as well as a special honorific pronoun ''ra'' which replaced any other pronoun when referring to people of higher status, sacred objects and sacred places. The honorific pronoun ''ra'' in this classical usage does not reflect person nor number. Late in the ancient period, however, a different usage popularized in the eastern half of the empire where ''ra'' was reserved for singular referents, ''rai'' was repurposed to function as a plural counterpart to singular ''ra'' and ''ata'' came to be used as the single first personal pronoun, even for 'inclusive we'. Originally, this usage was criticized by the ruling classes although as it spread across the eastern half of the empire (which hosted the capital ''Sərauhta'') it came to gain acceptance. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Classical | |||
pronoun | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Dialectal | |||
pronoun | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | ABS | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | ERG | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | ACC | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | GEN | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | DAT | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | VOC | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | 1s, "I, me" | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | alyə | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | alyaə | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | alyəi | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lyi | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | alyuh | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | alyauh | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | 2s, "you" | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | tyə | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | tyaə | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | tyəi | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | tyi | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | tyuh | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | tyauh | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | 3s, "he, she, it" | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uh | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | au | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəh | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | əuh'i | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | au | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uh | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | HON | |||
Honorific | |||
pronoun | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#efefef;" | HON.SG | |||
Honorific | |||
singular | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ra | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | raə | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | əri | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ri | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ruh | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | rauh | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | 1p.INC | |||
Inclusive we | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#efefef;" | HON.PL | |||
Honorific | |||
plural | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | rai | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | raəi | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | rai | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | rih | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | rəu | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | rəih | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | 1p.EXC | |||
Exclusive we | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#efefef;" | 1p | |||
"We, us" | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ata | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ataə | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | atəi | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ati | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | atuh | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | tauh | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | 2p, "you, you all" | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | i | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | yai | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ih | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ih | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | yuh | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | yəih | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | 3p, "they" | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | iətyə | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ityaə | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | iətyih | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ityaih | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ityuh | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | iətyəih | |||
|} | |||
Genitive pronouns may be used as possessive determiners before nouns except for the third person singular pronoun ''uh'', where the form ''əu'' is used instead: ''lyi wahah'' (my name), ''əu mwəri'' (his/her/its eyes). | |||
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | ||