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Ancient Raunan: Difference between revisions
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Nominal morphology
m (Hiatus vs diphthong contrast) |
(Nominal morphology) |
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As an ancient language, the exact pronunciation of certain consonants is not entirely known. This is particularly true of the rhotic /r/ whose exact realization is unknown but seems to have varied from region to region as ancient texts mention that 'the R sound has a weaker pronunciation in the west'. As the approximants /w/ and /j/ were not reliably distinguished from /hʷ/ and /hʲ/ in writing (as neither were the zero-consonant Ø and /h/) it has been suggested that the latter might have been pronounced as the former at least in some dialectal varieties. | As an ancient language, the exact pronunciation of certain consonants is not entirely known. This is particularly true of the rhotic /r/ whose exact realization is unknown but seems to have varied from region to region as ancient texts mention that 'the R sound has a weaker pronunciation in the west'. As the approximants /w/ and /j/ were not reliably distinguished from /hʷ/ and /hʲ/ in writing (as neither were the zero-consonant Ø and /h/) it has been suggested that the latter might have been pronounced as the former at least in some dialectal varieties. | ||
The glottal stop /ʔ/ (also transcribed as ''h''; preceded by an apostrophe if immediately before a vowel as in ''Raunah'ih'') is also used in the language although it patterns unlike any other consonant, being found exclusively in syllable codae. Due to this glottalization may be considered a feature of Raunan vowels despite its pronunciation being theorized to be an actual glottal stop rather than a glottalized phonation of the vowels. | The glottal stop /ʔ/ (also transcribed as ''h''; preceded by an apostrophe if immediately before a vowel, ''w'' or ''y'' as in ''Raunah'ih'' or ''hah'wa'') is also used in the language although it patterns unlike any other consonant, being found exclusively in syllable codae. Due to this glottalization may be considered a feature of Raunan vowels despite its pronunciation being theorized to be an actual glottal stop rather than a glottalized phonation of the vowels. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
The language features a fusional morphology which uses suffixes for inflection. | |||
===Nouns=== | |||
Ancient Raunan nouns are inflected for number (singular vs plural) and case. Nominal inflection is mostly regular, with inflectional paradigms depending on the ryhme of the final syllable of the noun in its base form (which corresponds to its singular absolutive form). The most common declension classes are the ''a'' class as in ''hah'wa'' (man) and the ''ah'' class as in ''pwamah'' (king), followed by the ''ə'' class as in ''lwañə'' (sea). Less common classes ''i'' as in ''uəhlwi'' (water) and ''ih'' as in ''lihlih'' (maiden, girl). The vowels ''əh'', ''u'' and ''uh'' or diphthongs are not believed to have been allowed in the base form of nouns. | |||
The language features a tripartite syntactic alignment: subjects of intransitive verbs do not pattern like subjects of transitive verbs (which take the ergative case) nor like transitive objects (which take the accusative case), taking a third case instead, the absolutive. Other cases include the genitive (which serves to mark both possession or origin), the dative case (which marks indirect objects as well as direction), a locative case and a vocative case. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | | |||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | A declension: | |||
hah'wa - man | |||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | AH declension: | |||
pwamah - king | |||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Ə declension: | |||
lwañə - sea | |||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | I declension: | |||
uəhlwi - water | |||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | IH declension: | |||
lihlih - maiden | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | SG | |||
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | PL | |||
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | SG | |||
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | PL | |||
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | SG | |||
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | PL | |||
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | SG | |||
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | PL | |||
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | SG | |||
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | PL | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Absolutive | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'wa | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'wi | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamah | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamah'i | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañə | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañəi | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəhlwi | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəhlwi | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih'i | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Ergative | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'waə | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'waəi | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamaəh | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamah'əi | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañaə | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañəi | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəhlwiə | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəhlwiyəi | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihliəh | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih'əi | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Accusative | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'wəi | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'wih | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamai | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamah'i | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañəi | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañih | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəhlwi | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəhlwih | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih'i | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Genitive | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'wih | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'waih | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamah'i | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamah'ih | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañih | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañəih | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəhlwih | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəhlwiaih | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih'i | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih'ih | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Dative | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'wuh | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'wawə | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamuh | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamah'wə | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañəuh | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañəwa | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəlwiyuh | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəhlwiwə | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih'uh | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih'wə | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Locative | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'wah | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'waih | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamaəh | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamah'ih | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañəh | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañəih | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəhlwiyə | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəhlwiyəi | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih'ah | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih'aih | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Vocative | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'wauh | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'wauh'i | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamah'uh | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamah'uh'i | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañuh | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañuh'i | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəlwih | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəlwih'i | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih | |||
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih'i | |||
|} | |||
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | ||