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[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]<br/>
<!--[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Sandbox]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Sandbox]]<br/>-->
{{list subpages}}


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image =  
|image =  
|imagesize =  
|imagesize =  
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
|creator= [[User:IlL]]
|creator= User:IlL
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''ye Gièdem''
|nativename = ye Giètem
|pronunciation=   
|pronunciation=   
|region = Talma
|state = Talma
|speakers = 100 million L1 speakers (300 million L2 speakers)
|speakers = 100 million L1 speakers (300 million L2 speakers)
|date = fT 1670<sub>dd</sub> (2676)
|date = fT 1670<sub>dd</sub> (2676)
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}}
}}


'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''CHAIT-i-ən''; natively ''Ciètem, ye Giètem'', from Thensarian ''Centimae'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] (in the Tigolic subbranch of Talmic, which also includes [[Eevo]]). It's inspired by Mandarin, Occitan, Irish, [[Thedish]], and English (particularly Cockney and Philadelphian).
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''CHAIT-i-ən''; natively ''Ciètem, ye Giètem'', from Thensarian ''Centimae'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] (in the Tigolic subbranch of Talmic, which also includes [[Eevo]]). It's inspired by Mandarin, German, Occitan, Irish, [[Thedish]], and English (particularly Cockney and Philadelphian).


A close relative is [[Páuluòbeng]].
A close relative (sometimes considered a dialect) is [[Páuluòbeng]]. [[Anbirese]], a more distant relative, is still somewhat mutually intelligible.


==Todo==
==Todo==
* should be Ăn Yidiș gib?
*Change orthography
*Change orthography
*''nehdier'' = chain
* No case, Welsh grammar
*''netzier'' = chain
*''Nian yirastzuòtzìn!'' = I'm innocent!
*''Nian yirastzuòtzìn!'' = I'm innocent!
*''Shüèl'' = a name (from Sréul)
*''Srüeil'' = a name (from Sréul)
*''Xjüèla'' = Skella
*''Sgüeila'' = Skella
*Single vs. double negatives: use both
*Single vs. double negatives: use both
**a > ea, e > eo, i > iu in certain conditions - what type of pal'n do these new vowels trigger
**a > ea, e > eo, i > iu in certain conditions - what type of pal'n do these new vowels trigger
***e.g. ''cell'' 'small' > *cĕoll > ''qiel''? ''qial''?
***e.g. ''cell'' 'small' > *cĕoll > ''ciel''
**already have eo éu iu íu/iú
**already have eo éu iu íu/iú
*Actually palatalization is NOT as simple as this. y ø a o u vs. i ie vs. ia io iu vs ja jo ju je/ĺa ĺo ĺu ĺe affect consonants differently.
*Actually palatalization is NOT as simple as this. y ø a o u vs. i ie vs. ia io iu vs ja jo ju je/ĺa ĺo ĺu ĺe affect consonants differently.
*non-initial -gh might die
*non-initial -gh might die
*''mièn àvaħ'' (this-DEF book) = 'this book'
*''mièn àvath'' (this-DEF book) = 'this book'
*Revise Thensarian declension based on {{SUBPAGENAME}}
*Revise Thensarian declension based on {{SUBPAGENAME}}
*Have a separate schwa phoneme ''a'' /ə/?
*Have a separate schwa phoneme ''a'' /ə/?
*''-atz'' is cognate to Eevo ''-ahd''
*''-atz'' is cognate to Eevo ''-ahd''
*''-z'' is one plural suffix (often used for nouns ending in vowels; from palatalized lenited -dh)
*''-z'' is one plural suffix (often used for nouns ending in vowels; from palatalized lenited -dh)
*''cht'' > ''c'' à la Wenedyk, final slender ''-t'' > ''-cy''
*''cht'' > ''tz'' à la Wenedyk, final slender ''-t'' > ''-cy''
*sg palatalizes to sh, not xj
*sg palatalizes to /ʃ/ {{angbr|sgi}}
*Words starting with f- are reanalyzed to start with p-: nonstandard dialects don't have this
*Etymological doublets from Tigol absolute-conjunct verb forms.
*Etymological doublets from Tigol absolute-conjunct verb forms.
*lianger = dream (< ''leṁar'')
*lianger = dream (< ''leṁar'')
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===Intonation===
===Intonation===
A stressed short vowel has a high pitch; a stressed long vowel or diphthong has a falling pitch; unstressed vowels have low pitch.
Pitch accent?
====Word level====
*A stressed short vowel has a high pitch.
*A stressed long vowel or diphthong has a falling pitch but ends in a higher pitch than unstressed vowels.
*Unstressed vowels have low pitch.
====Clause level====
*Pitch drops at the end of a sentence.
<!--
<!--
*neutral: level intonation
*neutral: level intonation
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{{PAGENAME}} has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position.
{{PAGENAME}} has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position.


*'''c g ch''' /k g x/
*'''c g ch gh''' /k g x ɣ/
*'''ci gi chi''' /tʃ dʒ ʃ/
*'''ci/cü gi/gü chi/chü/sgi/sgü''' /tʃ dʒ ʃ/
*'''tz dz s z''' /ts dz s z/
*'''tz dz s z''' /ts dz s z/
*'''t d''' /t d/
*'''t d th dh''' /t d ħ ɣ/
*'''p b f v''' /p b f w/
*'''p b f v''' /p b f w/
*'''pь bь fь vь''' /pj bj fj vj/
*'''pь bь fь vь''' /pj bj fj vj/
*'''r rr ħ h m n nь ng l y''' /r r̝ ħ h m n nj ŋ l j/  
*'''r rr h m n nь ng l y''' /r r̝ h m n nj ŋ l j/  
**/l/ is velarized when not followed by /i/, /j/, /y/, or /ɥ/.
**/l/ is velarized when not followed by /i/, /j/, /y/, or /ɥ/.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Ciètian has the following vowels:
*'''i ü u ie üe a'''  /ɪ ʏ ʊ jɛ ɥɛ a/
*/ɪj ʏɥ ʊw jɛː wɔː ɑː ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj (ɥ)ɶj ɯː ɤː jɤː ɥɤː wɤː aɯ/
*/ə ɨ~i/
====Monophthongs====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowel phonemes'''
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! colspan="2" style="" |Front
! colspan="2" style="" |Front
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| '''ì''' /ɪj/, '''ǜ''' /ʏɥ/
| '''ì''' /ɪj/, '''ǜ''' /ʏɥ/
|  
|  
| '''è''' /ɨː/
|  
| '''u''' /u/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ù''' /ʊw/
| '''ù''' /ʊw/
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|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| /ɯː/
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Mid
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|}
|}
[ɨ(ː) ʉ(ː)] are allophones of /i(ː) y(ː)/ after dental and retroflex sibilants.
[ɨ(ː) ʉ(ː)] are allophones of /i(ː) y(ː)/ after dental and retroflex sibilants.
/ɯː/ is more fully back, unlike [ɨː].


Semivowel onglides: '''i ü u''' /j ɥ w/
Semivowel onglides: '''i ü u''' /j ɥ w/


Diphthongs: '''ai au ei ou iou iei üei''' /ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj (ɥ)ɶj/
Diphthongs: '''ai au ei ou iou iei üei''' /ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj ɥɶj/
 
====R-colored vowels====
====R-colored vowels====
(No linking R is used.)
(No linking R is used.)
*ar, àr /ɔɯ/
*ar, àr /ɔɯ~ɤː/
*er, èr, air, aor /aɯ/
*er, èr, air, aor /aɯ/
*ir, ìr, iur /jəɯ~jɤː/
*ir, ìr, iur,  eir, ier, ièr /jəɯ~jɤː/
*or, òr /oɯ~ʊɯ/
*or, òr /uɯ~ɯː/
*ür, ǜr /ɥɤː/
*ür, ǜr /ɥɤː/
*ur, ùr /wɤː/
*ur, ùr /wɤː/
*eir, ier, ièr /ɛɯ/
*final -er = /ɨ/
*final -ar = /aɯ/
*final -ier = /i/
*final -er = /ɯ/


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
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===Common dialectal features===
===Common dialectal features===
*/x ɣ/ realized as uvular [χ ʁ]
*/x ɣ/ realized as uvular [χ ʁ]
*Native words have f- retained
*h from Tigol h = /h/; h from Tigol ch = /x/; ħ is consistently /ħ/
*h from Tigol h = /h/; h from Tigol ch = /x/; ħ is consistently /ħ/


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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
Anbirese but with more politeness distinctions
|-
!|
!I!!you (sg.)!!he!!she!!it!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl.)!!they!!you (semi-polite)!!you (polite)
|-
!|Emphatic
|''gonin''||''gonas''||''gonu''||''gonyi''||''gona''||''gonav''||''gonid''||''gonax''||''gonar''||''gonax''||''gonawaa''
|-
!|Genitive
|''naa''||''fiar''||''hu''||''hi''||''he''||''aav''||''geed''||''seed''||''haar''||''seed''||''waa''
|-
!|Accusative
|''moon''||''moos''||''moov''||''mooy''||''moo''||''moom''||''meed''||''moox''||''moor''||''moox''||''mowaa''
|}
====Politeness====
Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} has three levels of politeness in pronouns:
*''gonas, moos'' (sg.) is used for family members, friends, pets, inanimates, deities, and among blue-collar workers. It is becoming more common among young people.
*''gonalaa, mowaa'' is used as a polite second-person pronoun (for both singular and plural) for strangers or persons in positions of authority. It is still considered acceptable for some professions, such as superiors in military or schoolteachers, to refer to their counterparts with the familiar pronouns ''gonas'' and ''gonax'', although nowadays using ''gonawaa'' is becoming more common.
*''gonax'' is roughly intermediate in formality between ''gonas'' and ''gonawaa''. The pronoun ''gonax'' is used when an apprentice addresses their master, when university students address professors or when professors address students. In universities and some schools students use ''gonax'' for each other. (In vocational schools ''gonawaa'' is used for student-instructor conversation.) Strangers on the Internet and books intended for a general audience also use ''gonax''.
**In archaic {{SUBPAGENAME}}, ''gonax'' is used as a polite pronoun for persons of higher class (say nobles or royalty), or among the upper class.
 
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} nouns are quite conservative: they have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), three numbers (singular, plural and collective), and three states (nominative, genitive and construct). Collective nouns take singular agreement with verbs and adjectives. Regiolects usually have less noun declension.
Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} nouns are quite conservative: they have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), three numbers (singular, plural and collective), and three states (nominative, genitive and construct). Collective nouns take singular agreement with verbs and adjectives. Regiolects usually have more tone and less noun declension.


*The nominative singular, nominative plural, and genitive singular must be memorized for every noun. Feminine plurals tend to end in ''-r''.
*The nominative singular, nominative plural, and genitive singular must be memorized for every noun. Feminine plurals tend to end in ''-r''.
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*The plural construct is formed by affixing ''-u'' to the nominative singular if the nominative singular ends in a consonant, and ''-v'' to the nominative singular if it ends in a vowel.
*The plural construct is formed by affixing ''-u'' to the nominative singular if the nominative singular ends in a consonant, and ''-v'' to the nominative singular if it ends in a vowel.
====The article====
====The article====
The article inflects and triggers mutation based on number and gender.
The article inflects and triggers mutation based on number, case and gender.


The singular definite article ''ye'' and ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' changes to ''yen'' (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. For example:  
The singular definite article ''ye'' and ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' changes to ''yen'' (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. For example:  
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Collective nouns are by nature definite, and the collective of a noun is formed by using the collective article before the singular form.
Collective nouns are by nature definite, and the collective of a noun is formed by using the collective article before the singular form.


The nominative case is used for the subject; the genitive case is used for direct objects and objects of prepositions.
*The nominative case is used for the subject
*The accusative case is used for direct objects and after certain prepositions
*The dative cade is used after certain prepositions
*The genitive case is used for possession


To be revised:
Todo: accusative and dative
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ '''Definite article'''
|+ '''Definite article'''
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! Example
! Example
| ''ye mpràn'' || ''ye gkàtz'' || ''ye hazier''  || ''na pràn'' || ''ner kàtzer'' || ''na nghazier''
| ''ye mpràn'' || ''ye gkàtz'' || ''ye hazier''  || ''na pràn'' || ''ner kàtzer'' || ''na nghazier''
|-
! acc.
| ''ye<sup>L</sup>'' || ''ye'' || ''ye''  || ''na'' || ''ner'' || ''na<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Example
| ''ye mpràn'' || ''ye kàtz'' || ''ye hazier''  || ''na pràn'' || ''ner kàtzer'' || ''na nghazier''
|-
! dat.
| ''yi<sup>N</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''yi''  || ''na'' || ''na'' || ''na''
|-
! Example
| ''yi mpràn'' || ''ye gkàtz'' || ''yi hazier''  || ''na pràn'' || ''na kàtzer'' || ''na hazier''
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
| ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' || ''nanı'' || ''nanı'' || ''nanı''
| ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''nanı'' || ''nanı'' || ''nanı''
|-
|-
! Example
! Example
| ''na bpràn'' || ''na gkàtz'' || ''ye nghazier'' || ''nanı prànenı'' || ''nanı kàtzenı'' || ''nanı hazirienı''
| ''na bprànı'' || ''na gkàtzan'' || ''n'γazra'' || ''nanı prànenı'' || ''nanı kàtzenı'' || ''nanı hazrienı''
|}
|}


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{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ Attributive forms of ''qial'' 'small'
|+ Attributive forms of ''cial'' 'small'
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular, collective || colspan="3" | plural  
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular || colspan="3" | plural  
|-
|-
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.  
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.  
|-
|-
! nom.
! nom.
| ''jqial'' || ''xqial'' || ''qial''  || ''qiala'' || ''qialer'' || ''jqiala''  
| ''jcial'' || ''xcial'' || ''cial''  || ''ciala'' || ''cialer'' || ''jciala''  
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
| ''jqiele'' || ''jqiele'' || ''jqiele'' || ''qialenı'' || ''qialenı'' || ''qialenı''  
| ''jciele'' || ''jciele'' || ''jciele'' || ''cialenı'' || ''cialenı'' || ''cialenı''  
|}
|}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Modern {{PAGENAME}} has a closed class of about 20-30 auxiliaries which are conjugated for tense and person. The main verb is used as a verbal noun. (Verbal nouns do not decline.) Example:
====Finite verb inflection====
All forms of a {{PAGENAME}} verb are formed from four principal parts:
 
#the present absolute stem
#the imperative stem
#the past stem
#the bare infinitive stem
 
The forms of a {{PAGENAME}} verb are the following:
*Present tense: PRESENT + ''-ig'', negative ''θri'' + IMPERATIVE
*Subjunctive (after preverbs): also IMPERATIVE
*Future tense: ''aeb'' + IMPERATIVE
*Past tense: PAST + ''-in''; induces split-ergativity
*Imperative: IMPERATIVE
*''-eod'' infinitive: PRESENT + -eod
*bare infinitive: INFINITIVE
 
There is no aspect distinction.
 
====Other forms====
*The active participle in ''-ig'' is used to modify a noun. As such it is used as a relative form for the subject.
*The ''-et'' infinitive:
**is used with modal verbs.
*The ''-eγ'' infinitive:
**with ''zi'' 'in', indicates "while the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "while POSSESSOR is VERBing"
**with ''ar'' 'on', indicates "upon/as soon as the action is taking place" or, when possessed,  "upon the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
**with ''nai'' 'by', indicates that the verb's action serves a purpose: "by VERBing"
*The bare infinitive:
**with ''zi'' 'in', indicates the progressive.
**with ''jel'' 'from', indicates (from just having been VERB-ing)
**with ''ħrù'' 'next to', indicates "intends to VERB" or "about to VERB"
**with ''asd'' 'without', indicates "without VERBing"
**(nonstandard) with ''ħand'' 'after', indicates that the action just happened.
 
====Split-ergativity====
{{PAGENAME}} has split-ergativity: past tense verbs display ergative alignment, and non-past tense verbs have accusative alignment.


:'''''Nyan garhiav wan dtarsiad ikaan xkarhii.'''''
That is, the subject is marked with the preposition ''u'' for transitive verbs, and is unmarked for intransitive verbs. In the case of transitive verbs, the ergative marking occurs regardless of whether or not there is a direct object.
:[ɲan gaˈriəv wən daɾˈsiət iˈkaːn xəˈr̝iː]
:PRES.1SG go.VN to-DEF.GEN.SG.N school.GEN.SG every.F day.GEN.SG
:''I go to school every day.''


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
Examples:
|-
{{col-begin}}
!|
{{col-break}}
!I!!thou!!he!!she!!it!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl., semi-polite)!!you (polite)!!they!!one (impersonal)
'''Transitive verbs'''
|-
:''Xabin '''u''' na.''
!|present<sup>1</sup>
:eat.PRET ERG 1SG
|''nyan''||''nyer''||''nyav''||''nyas''||''nya''||''nyam''||''nyad''||''nyax''||''nyaw''||''nyaħ''||''nyar''
:'I have eaten.'
|-
 
!|past
:''Xabin '''u''' na n sáeng.''
|''kon''||''ker''||''kov''||''kos''||''ko''||''kom''||''kod''||''kox''||''koo''||''koħ''||''kor''
:eat.PRET ERG 1SG DEF bread
|-
:'I have eaten the bread.'
!|future
 
|''pon''||''per''||''pov''||''pos''||''po''||''pom''||''pod''||''pox''||''poo''||''poħ''||''por''
:''A tjéobrjeong '''u''' na n kéolsjang χa.''
|}
:but leave.PRET ERG 1SG DEF glh_schanng there
:'But I left the ''glh schanng'' (kefir-soaked Bjeheondian salad) there.'
{{col-break}}
'''Intransitive verbs'''
:''Eoseong eo már.''
:die.PRET DEF tree/PL
:'The trees died.'
 
:''Farjeogin meo nóγeol χaltan.''
:return.PRET 1PL.EXC.POSS dog/PL at_last
:'Our dogs finally returned.'
{{col-end}}


<sup>1</sup> from Old Eevo ''ar.nédh'' 'to dwell at'. (The verb acquired a meaning like Vietnamese ''ở'' 'be at' which then turned into a progressive construction with a verbal noun.)
====Strong verbs====
As in Germanic, some Anbirese verbs form the past tense and the ''-eod'' infinitive by using ablaut.


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
If the prepositional object is a pronoun, the genitive form of the pronoun is used: ''la nà'' = to me, for me.
If the prepositional object is a pronoun, the genitive form of the pronoun is used: ''la nà'' = to me, for me.
===Numbers===
===Numbers===
ngic, cìm, tiħer, nèig, dèib, selı, sdàm, ruìz, lèr, bàr, ngiaor, yàxim, knè
ngic, cìm, tiħer, nèig, dèib, selь, sdàm, ruìz, lèr, bàr, ngiaor, yàxim, knè


===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
*''yir-'' = un-, non-
*''yir-'' = un-, non-
**yirstzuòtz, yirstzuòtz (f) 'innocence', from ''stzuòc'' (f) 'guilt'
**yirstzuòtz, yirstzuòtz (f) 'innocence', from ''stzuòtz'' (f) 'guilt'
*''-gàn, -gànı, -gànı'' = -able?
*''-gàn, -gànь, -gànь'' = -able?
*''-ah, -ax, -aha'' (n) = verbal noun
*''-ah, -ax, -aha'' (n) = verbal noun
*Unstressed initial prefixes are separated by an interpunct (·)
*Unstressed initial prefixes are separated by an interpunct (·)
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==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===UDHR===
===UDHR===
:'''''Niam pà ciel ghar sngèi casàn ac sdeħèid nai lòngatz ak nai marrenь. Niam amsetzìn nai mìsrìnen ac ye as·torngegen, ac nia ar ham la foza cràdener nai ghiegòren ri ziarbetzen.'''''
:'''''Niam pà cil ghar sngèi casàn ac sdeħèid nai lòngatz ac nai marrenь. Niam amsetzìn nai mìsrìnen ac ye as·torngegen, ac niam ar ham la foza cràdener nai ghiegòren ri ziarbetzen.'''''
:/nʲəm pɑː tʃəɫ ɣɔɯ sŋaɪ ˈkasɑːn ək sdəˈħɛːit nɒ ɫawŋəts ək nɒ mar̝ɨ. nʲəm ˈamsətsiːn nɒ ˈmiːsʲɾʲiːnən ək jə əsˈtʊɯŋəgən, ək nʲə əɾ ham ɫə ˈfɔzə kɾɑːdənɨ nɒ zjəgʊɯn ɾɪ zʲɔɯbətsən/
:/nʲəm pɑː tʃəɫ ɣɤː sŋaɪ ˈkasɑːn ək sdəˈħait nɒ ɫawŋəts ək nɒ mar̝ənʲ. nʲəm ˈamsətsiːn nɒ ˈmiːsʲɾʲiːnən ək jə əsˈtʊɯŋəgən, ək nʲəm əɾ ham ɫə ˈfɔzə kɾɑːdənɨ nɒ zjəgʊɯn ɾɪ zʲɤːbətsən/
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''


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