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Maryan Coptic: Difference between revisions
→Morphology
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
Most native Maryan Coptic words follow a syllable structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C), while foreign loanwords, mainly of Greek origin, can have a structure of (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C). Less educated speakers may use a short schwa for ease of pronunciation. | Most native Maryan Coptic words follow a syllable structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C), while foreign loanwords, mainly of Greek origin, can have a structure of (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C). Less educated speakers may use a short schwa for ease of pronunciation. | ||
* '''ⲥⲧⲣⲁⲧⲏⲅⲏⲥ''' (general [military]): ''standard'' {{IPA|/stɾateˈkes/}}, compared to {{IPA|/ə̆stɾateˈkes/}} | * {{cop|'''ⲥⲧⲣⲁⲧⲏⲅⲏⲥ'''}} (general [military]): ''standard'' {{IPA|/stɾateˈkes/}}, compared to {{IPA|/ə̆stɾateˈkes/}} | ||
* '''ⲁⲣⲝ''' (bear): ''standard'' {{IPA|/aɾks/}}, compared to {{IPA|/ˈaɾkə̆s/}} | * {{cop|'''ⲁⲣⲝ'''}} (bear): ''standard'' {{IPA|/aɾks/}}, compared to {{IPA|/ˈaɾkə̆s/}} | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
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Most nouns have one of two grammatical genders: masculine and feminine. Some nouns, compounded with certain agent particles, can take either gender. All adjectives, most pronouns, and most verb forms indicate the gender of the noun they reference of modify. | Most nouns have one of two grammatical genders: masculine and feminine. Some nouns, compounded with certain agent particles, can take either gender. All adjectives, most pronouns, and most verb forms indicate the gender of the noun they reference of modify. | ||
Distinguishing the gender of most root nouns is very challenging and requires prior context, but in general, most nouns that end in ''ei'' (ⲉ) or a long vowel are feminine, and most nouns that end in a consonant are masculine; however, there are countless exceptions. Verbal nouns are always masculine. | Distinguishing the gender of most root nouns is very challenging and requires prior context, but in general, most nouns that end in ''ei'' ({{cop|ⲉ}}) or a long vowel are feminine, and most nouns that end in a consonant are masculine; however, there are countless exceptions. Verbal nouns are always masculine. | ||
* Masculine: | * Masculine: | ||
** '''ⲥⲟⲛ''' (brother), '''ⲣⲱⲙⲉ''' (human, person), '''ⲱⲓⲕ''' (bread), '''ⳣⲱⲙ''' (food) | ** {{cop|'''ⲥⲟⲛ'''}} (brother), {{cop|'''ⲣⲱⲙⲉ'''}} (human, person), {{cop|'''ⲱⲓⲕ'''}} (bread), {{cop|'''ⳣⲱⲙ'''}} (food) | ||
* Feminine: | * Feminine: | ||
** '''ⲥⲱⲛⲉ''' (sister), '''ϩⲓⲙⲉ''' (woman), '''ⲙⲁⲩ''' (mother), '''ϩⲉⲭⲱ''' ( | ** {{cop|'''ⲥⲱⲛⲉ'''}} (sister), {{cop|'''ϩⲓⲙⲉ'''}} (woman), {{cop|'''ⲙⲁⲩ'''}} (mother), {{cop|'''ϩⲉⲭⲱ'''}} (history) | ||
Nominal particles always carry a fixed gender. | Nominal particles always carry a fixed gender. | ||
* '''ϫⲓⲛ-''' (gerund marker) - masculine | * {{cop|'''ϫⲓⲛ-'''}} (gerund marker) - masculine | ||
** '''ϫⲓⲛⲙⲓⲥⲉ''' (birth), '''ϫⲓⲛⲕⲁⲧⲉ''' (understanding) | ** {{cop|'''ϫⲓⲛⲙⲓⲥⲉ'''}} (birth), {{cop|'''ϫⲓⲛⲕⲁⲧⲉ'''}} (understanding) | ||
* '''ⲙⲉⲧ-''' (abstract nominalizer) - feminine | * {{cop|'''ⲙⲉⲧ-'''}} (abstract nominalizer) - feminine | ||
** '''ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲱⲙⲉ''' (humanity), '''ⲙⲉⲧⲙⲏϣ''' (republic) | ** {{cop|'''ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲱⲙⲉ'''}} (humanity), {{cop|'''ⲙⲉⲧⲙⲏϣ'''}} (republic) | ||
* '''ⲙⲁⲛ-''' (place of) - masculine | * {{cop|'''ⲙⲁⲛ-'''}} (place of) - masculine | ||
** '''ⲙⲁⲛϣⲱ''' (beach, lit. "place of sand"), '''ⲙⲁⲛⲁⲗⲟⲗⲉ''' (vineyard, lit. "place of grapes") | ** {{cop|'''ⲙⲁⲛϣⲱ'''}} (beach, lit. "place of sand"), {{cop|'''ⲙⲁⲛⲁⲗⲟⲗⲉ'''}} (vineyard, lit. "place of grapes") | ||
* '''ⲥⲁⲛ-''' (profession marker) - masculine/feminine | * {{cop|'''ⲥⲁⲛ-'''}} (profession marker) - masculine/feminine | ||
** '''ⲥⲁⲛⲑⲱⳣⲉ''' (shoemaker, lit. "shoe seller"), '''ⲥⲁⲛⲧⲉⲃⲧ''' (fisherman, lit "fish seller") | ** {{cop|'''ⲥⲁⲛⲑⲱⳣⲉ'''}} (shoemaker, lit. "shoe seller"), {{cop|'''ⲥⲁⲛⲧⲉⲃⲧ'''}} (fisherman, lit "fish seller") | ||
* '''ⲣⲉϥ-''' (grammatical agent) - masculine/feminine | * {{cop|'''ⲣⲉϥ-'''}} (grammatical agent) - masculine/feminine | ||
** '''ⲣⲉϥϣⲁⲛϣ''' (nurse, lit. "one who nourishes"), '''ⲣⲉϥⲥⲁϫⲉ''' (speaker, lit. "one who speaks") | ** {{cop|'''ⲣⲉϥϣⲁⲛϣ'''}} (nurse, lit. "one who nourishes"), {{cop|'''ⲣⲉϥⲥⲁϫⲉ'''}} (speaker, lit. "one who speaks") | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
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All adjectives are placed after the noun they modify and agree to nouns in terms of gender (masculine/feminine). Most feminine forms of adjectives end in either ''ei'' (ⲉ) or a long vowel. | All adjectives are placed after the noun they modify and agree to nouns in terms of gender (masculine/feminine). Most feminine forms of adjectives end in either ''ei'' (ⲉ) or a long vowel. | ||
Adjectives ending in a consonant conjugate to their feminine form by adding | Adjectives ending in a consonant conjugate to their feminine form by adding the feminine ''ei'' ({{cop|ⲉ}}) suffix. | ||
* '''ⳣⲏⲛ''' (open) > '''ⳣⲏⲛⲉ''' | * {{cop|'''ⳣⲏⲛ'''}} (open) > {{cop|'''ⳣⲏⲛⲉ'''}} | ||
* '''ϩⲟⲗϫ''' (sweet) > '''ϩⲟⲗϫⲉ''' | * {{cop|'''ϩⲟⲗϫ'''}} (sweet) > {{cop|'''ϩⲟⲗϫⲉ'''}} | ||
* '''ⲃⲱⲛ''' (bad) > '''ⲃⲟⲛⲉ''' | * {{cop|'''ⲃⲱⲛ'''}} (bad) > {{cop|'''ⲃⲟⲛⲉ'''}} | ||
Adjectives with a long vowel and ending in ''ei'' (ⲉ) are prone to replacing their long vowel with a short equivalent and a consonant, usually ''ro'' (ⲣ) and sometimes ''tau'' (ⲧ). The exact consonant is largely unpredictable without historical context. | Adjectives with a long vowel and ending in ''ei'' (ⲉ) are prone to replacing their long vowel with a short equivalent and a consonant, usually ''ro'' (ⲣ) and sometimes ''tau'' (ⲧ). The exact consonant is largely unpredictable without historical context. | ||
* '''ⲙⲏⲧⲉ''' (central) > '''ⲙⲁⲧⲣⲉ''' (from Egyptian ''mtr.t'' *{{IPA|/ˈmutɾat/}}) | * {{cop|'''ⲙⲏⲧⲉ'''}} (central) > {{cop|'''ⲙⲁⲧⲣⲉ'''}} (from Egyptian ''mtr.t'' *{{IPA|/ˈmutɾat/}}) | ||
* '''ϩⲏⲕⲉ''' (hungry) > '''ϩⲁⲕⲣⲉ''' (from Egyptian ''ḥqr.t'' *{{IPA|/ˈħuqʼɾat/}}) | * {{cop|'''ϩⲏⲕⲉ'''}} (hungry) > {{cop|'''ϩⲁⲕⲣⲉ'''}} (from Egyptian ''ḥqr.t'' *{{IPA|/ˈħuqʼɾat/}}) | ||
* '''ⲣⲱⲙⲉ''' (human) > '''ⲣⲟⲙⲧⲉ''' (from Egyptian ''rmṯ.t'' *{{IPA|/ˈɾamcit/}}) | * {{cop|'''ⲣⲱⲙⲉ'''}} (human) > {{cop|'''ⲣⲟⲙⲧⲉ'''}} (from Egyptian ''rmṯ.t'' *{{IPA|/ˈɾamcit/}}) | ||
* '''ⲧⲱϣⲉ''' (dark red) > '''ⲧⲁϣⲣⲉ''' (from Egyptian ''dšr.t'' *{{IPA|/ˈtʼaʃɾit/}}) | * {{cop|'''ⲧⲱϣⲉ'''}} (dark red) > {{cop|'''ⲧⲁϣⲣⲉ'''}} (from Egyptian ''dšr.t'' *{{IPA|/ˈtʼaʃɾit/}}) | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||