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Maryan Coptic: Difference between revisions
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Maryan Coptic uses a [[w:Stress_(linguistics)#Lexical_stress|lexical stress]] system. The primary stress is always found either on the [[w:Penult|penult]] or the [[w:Ultima_(linguistics)|ultima]], depending on the vowels present, and the secondary stress is always found at least two syllables before the primary stress, usually in conjugated verbs and compound nouns. However, borrowed loanwords tend to break this pattern, as Maryan Coptic attempts to preserve the stress from the loanword's source language. Fortunately, inherited loanwords are constructed specifically to fit Maryan Coptic's native stress system, making their stress patterns more predictable than direct borrowings. | Maryan Coptic uses a [[w:Stress_(linguistics)#Lexical_stress|lexical stress]] system. The primary stress is always found either on the [[w:Penult|penult]] or the [[w:Ultima_(linguistics)|ultima]], depending on the vowels present, and the secondary stress is always found at least two syllables before the primary stress, usually in conjugated verbs and compound nouns. However, borrowed loanwords tend to break this pattern, as Maryan Coptic attempts to preserve the stress from the loanword's source language. Fortunately, inherited loanwords are constructed specifically to fit Maryan Coptic's native stress system, making their stress patterns more predictable than direct borrowings. | ||
Every vowel, aside from ''ei'' (ⲉ), are called 'strong vowels' and can indicate the primary stress of a word. ''alpha'' (ⲁ) and ''o'' (ⲟ) are classified as 'short strong' vowels, and ''eta'' (ⲏ), ''iota'' (ⲓ), ''u'' (ⲩ), and ''ou'' (ⲱ) are classified as 'long strong' vowels. ''Ei'' (ⲉ), and sometimes ''iota'' (ⲓ), are called 'weak vowels' and are primarily unstressed if a strong vowel is present. In verb forms, the verb root is always given the primary stress. | Every vowel, aside from ''ei'' ({{cop|ⲉ}}), are called 'strong vowels' and can indicate the primary stress of a word. ''alpha'' ({{cop|ⲁ}}) and ''o'' ({{cop|ⲟ}}) are classified as 'short strong' vowels, and ''eta'' ({{cop|ⲏ}}), ''iota'' ({{cop|ⲓ}}), ''u'' ({{cop|ⲩ}}), and ''ou'' ({{cop|ⲱ}}) are classified as 'long strong' vowels. ''Ei'' ({{cop|ⲉ}}), and sometimes ''iota'' ({{cop|ⲓ}}), are called 'weak vowels' and are primarily unstressed if a strong vowel is present. In verb forms, the verb root is always given the primary stress. | ||
* '''Ⲭⲏⲙⲉ''' (Egypt): {{IPA|/ˈkʰeːmə/}} | * {{cop|'''Ⲭⲏⲙⲉ'''}} (Egypt): {{IPA|/ˈkʰeːmə/}} | ||
* '''ⲃⲉⲣⲓ''' (new): {{IPA|/βəˈɾiː/}} | * {{cop|'''ⲃⲉⲣⲓ'''}} (new): {{IPA|/βəˈɾiː/}} | ||
* '''Ⲉⲥⲛⲟϥⲣⲉ''' (Esnofre [female-given name]): {{IPA|/əsˈnɔfɾə/}} | * {{cop|'''Ⲉⲥⲛⲟϥⲣⲉ'''}} (Esnofre [female-given name]): {{IPA|/əsˈnɔfɾə/}} | ||
If multiple strong vowels are found in a word, usually from agglutination, then the final strong vowel or root word gets the primary stress, and any remaining long vowels are shortened. The main exception is if the final vowel is a strong ''u'' (ⲩ) and the penult vowel is either ''alpha'' (ⲁ) or ''o'' (ⲟ). Other exceptions may occur in more formal registers of speech, leaving long vowels in unstressed positions. | If multiple strong vowels are found in a word, usually from agglutination, then the final strong vowel or root word gets the primary stress, and any remaining long vowels are shortened. The main exception is if the final vowel is a strong ''u'' ({{cop|ⲩ}}) and the penult vowel is either ''alpha'' ({{cop|ⲁ}}) or ''o'' ({{cop|ⲟ}}). Other exceptions may occur in more formal registers of speech, leaving long vowels in unstressed positions. | ||
* '''ϯⲙⲁ''' (to allow): {{IPA|/tiˈmaʔ/}} | * {{cop|'''ϯⲙⲁ'''}} (to allow): {{IPA|/tiˈmaʔ/}} | ||
* '''ⲁⲙⲁⲓⲩ''' (seas): {{IPA|/aˈmajju/}} | * {{cop|'''ⲁⲙⲁⲓⲩ'''}} (seas): {{IPA|/aˈmajju/}} | ||
* '''ϫⲱⲣⲁⲥⲡⲉ''' (linguistics): ''colloquial'' {{IPA|/t͡ʃoˈɾaspə/}}, ''formal'' {{IPA|/t͡ʃoːˈɾaspə/}} | * {{cop|'''ϫⲱⲣⲁⲥⲡⲉ'''}} (linguistics): ''colloquial'' {{IPA|/t͡ʃoˈɾaspə/}}, ''formal'' {{IPA|/t͡ʃoːˈɾaspə/}} | ||
* '''ⲧⲏϩⲓⲙⲉ''' (that woman): ''colloquial'' {{IPA|/teˈhiːmə/}}, ''formal'' {{IPA|/teːˈhiːmə/}} | * {{cop|'''ⲧⲏϩⲓⲙⲉ'''}} (that woman): ''colloquial'' {{IPA|/teˈhiːmə/}}, ''formal'' {{IPA|/teːˈhiːmə/}} | ||
If a short strong vowel is found on the penult and the ultima contains one onset consonant, then that consonant is duplicated and acts as the coda for the stressed syllable. | If a short strong vowel is found on the penult and the ultima contains one onset consonant, then that consonant is duplicated and acts as the coda for the stressed syllable. | ||
* '''ⲥⲁϫⲉ''' (to speak): {{IPA|/ˈsat̚t͡ʃə/}} | * {{cop|'''ⲥⲁϫⲉ'''}} (to speak): {{IPA|/ˈsat̚t͡ʃə/}} | ||
* '''ⳣⲟⲓⲉ''' (farmer): {{IPA|/ˈwɔjjə/}} | * {{cop|'''ⳣⲟⲓⲉ'''}} (farmer): {{IPA|/ˈwɔjjə/}} | ||
* '''ⲃⲟⲛⲉ''' (bad [feminine]): {{IPA|/ˈβɔnnə/}} | * {{cop|'''ⲃⲟⲛⲉ'''}} (bad [feminine]): {{IPA|/ˈβɔnnə/}} | ||
* '''ϣⲁⲣⲉ''' (to hit): {{IPA|/ˈʃarrə/}} | * {{cop|'''ϣⲁⲣⲉ'''}} (to hit): {{IPA|/ˈʃarrə/}} | ||
====Intonation==== | ====Intonation==== | ||