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Eighth edition lekma (view source)

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     0.Foreword. Documenting is another side of hobby concerning the conlang. Still precisition needed. That of 0 to 7 editions though have few writings in practice without proper design, so they are hardly be documented. Index 0. outline. 1. on phonemes. 2. on graphemes. 3. graphs. 4. syntax.
     0. Foreword. Documenting is amusemental the way after spent much of time still there are somewhere need to precise, is another side of the conlang. That of previous 0th to 7th, also 9th editions though have few writings in practice, since they are without proper design, they are hardly be documented. Index 0. outline. 1. on phonemes. 2. on graphemes. 3. graphs. 4. syntax.
     Ekma is a constructed language designed to low probability of grammatical errors. Autonym is lekmae /ˈɰekmɐ/ also spelt ekma/ekm, means verbal expression. It saw to a written laguage for spoken language of another world, parallel to this world. That was known through transliteration of their writing system, actually is a collection of about a thousand of invariable words.
     Ekma is a constructed language designed to low probability of grammatical errors. Autonym is lekmae /ˈɰekmɐ/ also spelt ekma/ekm as acronym, word itself means verbal expression. It saw to a written laguage for some spoken language of another world, parallel to this world. That was known through tracing their writing system, actually is a collection of about a thousand of invariable words.
     It basically preferred SV, CV, AN, VOS, CVC syllable, that are subject-intransitive/self causative verb alignment, complement/condition-main verb alignment, adjective-noun alignment, transitive verb-object-subjective theme alignment, any single consonant out of /*ɰ *ɥ *ŋ *k *d *f *t͡s *ɕ *ʂ *b *n *m/-any vowel out of /*ä *ɐ̯ä *äɐ̯ *äu̯ *ɐ *e *u̯e *ei̯ *ii̯ *i̯u *o *u̯o *ou̯ *i̯o *oi̯ *uu̯ *u̯i/-any consonant out of /*ɰ *ɥ *ŋ *k *d *f *t͡s *ɕ *ʂ *b *n *m/. Attached * means they are hypothetical construction. Each word has type, either of noun, adjective, adverb, verb, each category shares their minimal length of time, nouns are long, adjectives are semi long, adverbs are semi short, verbs are short.
     It basically preferred SV, CV, AN, VOS, CVC syllable construction, that are subject-intransitive/self causative verb alignment, complement/condition-main verb alignment, adjective-noun alignment, transitive verb-object-subjective theme alignment, any single consonant out of /*ɰ *ɥ *ŋ *k *d *f *t͡s *ɕ *ʂ *b *n *m/-any vowel out of /*ä *ɐ̯ä *äɐ̯ *äu̯ *ɐ *e *u̯e *ei̯ *ii̯ *i̯u *o *u̯o *ou̯ *i̯o *oi̯ *uu̯ *u̯i/-any consonant out of /*ɰ *ɥ *ŋ *k *d *f *t͡s *ɕ *ʂ *b *n *m/. Attached * which means a hypothetical construction. Each word has type, either of noun, adjective, adverb, verb, each category shares their minimal length of time, nouns are long, adjectives are semi long, adverbs are semi short, verbs are short.
     1. There listed as to descriptions, firstly phoneme, secondly the typical grapheme, thirdly approved allophonemes, finaly usual realisation of the phoneme, degrees may vary each. ɰ, r/l before any vowel/zero consonant/e at wo/a after an a, ɦ ʔ ɰ, ɰ it presents between vowels which lose phonemic value in other situations. ä, a, ɐ ä, ä. ɐ̯ä, à, ɐ̯ä e̯ä, e̯ä. äɐ̯, á/ä, äɐ̯ äː äi̯, äi̯. äu̯, ê, ɐu̯ ʌu̯ äu̯, äu̯. ɐ, ae, ɐ, ɐ. e, e, ɪ ɐ e, e. u̯e è, ø u̯e, u̯e. ei̯, é, ɛ eː ei̯, ei̯. ii̯, i, ii̯ iː i, i. i̯u, u, i̯u i̯y y, y. o, o, ʊ o, o. u̯o, ò, u̯ʌ u̯o, u̯o. ou̯, ó, ɔ oː ou̯, ou̯. i̯o, io, i̯o, i̯o. oi̯, ö, u̯ei̯ u̯eʏ̯ øʏ̯ oi̯ øi̯, øi̯. uu̯, v, uu̯ uː u, u. u̯i, ui, ɯ u̯i ɨ, ɨ. ɥ, l written before any consonant letter, ɥ̥ jʷ ɥ, ɥ. ŋ, h, ŋ̥ ŋ ɳ, ɳ. k, k, x q k, k. d, d/t, d̥ t d, t. f, f, ʋ f, f. t͡s, z, t͡s z s̪, s̪. ɕ, s, ɬ ɕ s, s. ʂ, ç, ʂ t͡ʂ, t͡ʂ. b, b, b̥ p b, b. n, n, n̥ ɲ n, n. m, m, m̥ m, m. Descriptions on writings are about graphemes.
     1. Descriptions on phonemes. Firstly is phoneme - secondly reasonous grapheme - finaly usual realisation of the phoneme, another approved allophonemes are afterwards. ɰ - r - ɰ ɦ ʔ. ä - a - ä ɐ. ɐ̯ä - à - e̯ä ɐ̯ä. äɐ̯ - ä - äi̯ äɐ̯ äː. äu̯ - ê - äu̯ ɐu̯ ʌu̯. ɐ - â - ɐ ɐ whispering. e - e - e ɪ ɐ. u̯e - è - u̯e ø. ei̯ - é - ei̯ e ɛ eː. ii̯ - i - i ii̯ iː. i̯u - u - y i̯u i̯y. o - o - o ʊ. u̯o - ò - u̯o u̯ʌ. ou̯ - ó - ou̯ o ɔ oː. i̯o - io - i̯o. oi̯ - ö - øi̯ u̯ei̯ u̯eʏ̯ øʏ̯ oi̯. uu̯ - v - u uu̯ uː. u̯i - î - ɨ ɯ u̯i. ɥ - l - ɥ ɥ̥ jʷ. ŋ - h - ɳ ŋ̥ ŋ. k - k - k x q. d - d - t d̥ d. f - f - f ʋ. t͡s - z - s̪ t͡s z. ɕ - s - s ɬ ɕ. ʂ - ç - t͡ʂ ʂ. b - b - b b̥. n - n - n n̥ ɲ. m - m - m m̥ mʲ.
     {{trans-top|2. Graphemes.}}
     {{trans-top|2. Graphemes.}}
X is any letter. any C is any consonant letter. V is any vowel letter. X is equal C plus V.
  _a_ /ä/
  _a_ /ä/
  Ca_ /ä/
  Ca_ /ä/
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  _ve /u/
  _ve /u/
  Cv_ C/u/
  Cv_ C/u/
  Cve C/u/
  Cve C/u/ _î_ /ɨ/
_î_ /ɨ/
  Cî_ C/ɨ/
  Cî_ C/ɨ/
  _ui /ɨ/
  _ui /ɨ/
Line 71: Line 71:
  iVC íot /i̯o/C
  iVC íot /i̯o/C
  iV ío /i̯o/
  iV ío /i̯o/
Vh V/ɳ/
Vk V/k/
Vd V/t/
Vf V/f/
Vz V/s̪/
Vs V/s/
Vç V/t͡ʂ/
Vb V/b/
Vn V/n/
Vm V/m/
  hVC /ɳ/ VC
  hVC /ɳ/ VC
  hV /ɳ/V
  hV /ɳ/V
Line 93: Line 103:
  mVC /m/VC
  mVC /m/VC
  mV /m/V
  mV /m/V
  CVC equals _CVC_
  CVC is equal _CVC_
  CVCa equals CVC/ɐ/
  CVCa is equal CVC/ɐ/
  CVCe *CVC/ɰ/ equals CVC
  CVCe_ *CVC/ɰ/ equals CVC
  CVCCae equals CVCC/ɐ/
  CVCCae is equal CVCC/ɐ/
  CVCCe *CVCC/ɰ/ equals **CVCC **approved.
  CVCCe_ *CVCC/ɰ/ is equal **CVCC **approved.
  CCCC CVCCVC equals CVC'CVC  
_CC_ is equal CVC
  lCCC /ɥ/CCC equals /ɥ/C'CC ***/ɥ/VC'CVC ***unapproved.
  CCCC CVCCVC is equal CVC'CVC  
  CClC CC/ɥ/C equals CC'/ɥ/C ***CVC'/ɥ/VC ***unapproved.
  lCCC /ɥ/CCC is equal /ɥ/C'CC ***/ɥ/VC'CVC ***graphically unapproved.
  lClC /ɥ/C/ɥ/C equals /ɥ/C'/ɥ/C ***/ɥ/VC'/ɥ/VC ***unapproved.
  CClC CC/ɥ/C is equal CC'/ɥ/C ***CVC'/ɥ/VC  
  CVCCVC equals CVC'CVC.
  lClC /ɥ/C/ɥ/C is equal /ɥ/C'/ɥ/C ***/ɥ/VC'/ɥ/VC  
  CVCCVC is equal CVC'CVC.
_CCC_ is equal 'C'C'C'/'CCC'. ****acronym.
{{trans-bottom|}}
{{trans-bottom|}}


     3. on graphs is under documenting...
     {{trans-top|(3. on graphs is under documentation...)}}
     4. on syntax is under documenting...
3. on graphs is under documentation...
Words.
 
e /e/ monotransitive verb. _e_ also.
t /t/ allograph of d, whether d or t is depend on words. selftransitive verb. used for lexical reasons.
z /s̪/ towards it
u /y/ to there
i /i/ object of verb
í /i̯/ object
o /o/ if _o_ also.
a /ä/ noun of verb
s /s/ subject of verb
d /t/ out of it. if at CdC it is /øi̯/.
f /f/ starting from. ornamental.
h /ɳ/ done by it (unlimited to perfective)
k /k/ enclosure begins/ends a close. if at CkC it is /äu̯/.
l /ɰ/ (free space) if it is r, it presents between vowels which lose phonemic value in other situations. words end in r is prohibited.
l /ɥ/ (space) lvó mankind. if at ClC it is /äi̯/.  Vl is equal Ví V/i̯/ words end in l is prohibited.
ç /t͡ʂ/ (free space)
v /u/ (free space)
ú /u̯/ (space)
b /b/ (free space)
n /n/ near to it
m /m/ with it lot oneth
{{trans-bottom|}}
 
     {{trans-top|(4. on syntax is under documentation...)}}
4. on syntax is under documentation...


{| !! se e̯ä ɐ e ei̯ i̯e äu̯ ii̯ i̯y o ou̯ u̯o u̯e i̯o uu̯ øi̯/ , ɡ allohones.llohoes. /bt, ʔ/  lid combiationels sy side  si, somee: œʏ̯/ ch morphemjet moverb.  uit or lt, shiermins wh Glossing abbreviations, 1 first person. 2 second person. 3 third person. .acc accusative. a adjective. adn adnoun. adv adverbial. caus causative verb. .com comitative. dat dative, self causative. dem demonstrative, relative, interrogative. .dim diminutive. .inst instrumental, condition. .neg negative. n noun. lat lative. .loc locative. obj objective, any complement of verb where a motion towards. pt particle. ste stem. s subject, any complement of verb where a motion originates, possessive. agent agentive noun of transitive verb. ss same subject. v verb. .vi intransitive verb. .vt transitive verb. .t theme, vocative, topic. .vol volitive. Features: CV(C). (C)V(C) if it is a morpheme. hypothised features: A let. Words written in a letter are verbs. Written in two, prowords. Written in three if it ends in 'n' etc, words of two letter + a morpheme. Written in three letters, any other, mostly nouns. Written in four, second may be a douplication of the first syllable, onomatopeias.
  sa allograph is sac that kind of
  |}
  na allograph is nac I, we
{{trans-top|(Here is under construction.)}}
{{trans-bottom|}}
Words.


e (/e/) monotransitive verb
{{trans-top|(Materials to be documented hereafter.)}}
t (/t/) allograph of d, whether d or t is depend on words. selftransitive verb. used for lexical reasons.
z (/s̪/) towards it
u (/y/) to there
i (/i/) object of verb
í (/i̯/) object
o (/o/) also
a (/ä/) noun of verb
s (/s/) subject of verb
d (/t/) out of it
f (/f/) starting from
h (/ɳ/) done by it (unlimited to perfective)
k (/k/) close (also end close)
l (/ɰ/) (free space) words end in l is prohibited.
l (/ɥ/) (space)
ç (/t͡ʂ/) (free space)
v (/u/) (free space)
ú (/u̯/) (space)
b (/b/) (free space)
n (/n/) near to it
m (/m/) with it lot oneth
  iot /i̯ot/ every third zeros, for exsample do. is a number x 1,000,000,000,000.
  iot /i̯ot/ every third zeros, for exsample do. is a number x 1,000,000,000,000.
  hot unphonemical. second
  hot unphonemical. second
Line 149: Line 167:
  . stop.
  . stop.
  t.t a point situates after 0. before a 0.0.
  t.t a point situates after 0. before a 0.0.
  ' word separator.
  ' word boundary noticer yet words are unseparable.
  , half stop.
  , half stop.
  / full stop.
  / full stop.
Line 156: Line 174:
  xán /χäi̯n/ Nothing. Unspecified.
  xán /χäi̯n/ Nothing. Unspecified.
  rán /ʀäi̯n/ Nothing. Unwritten.
  rán /ʀäi̯n/ Nothing. Unwritten.
  ´ It prolongs the attached phoneme regardless of category. It indicates intonation. Musically high at every beginning of a phrase, rest of the phrase lose original accent.
  ´ It prolongs the attached phoneme regardless of category. It indicates intonation. Musically high at every beginning of a phrase, rest of the phrase lose original accent. Musically low at every endining of a phrase, loudness is another thing.
  _ It is " " actually. It takes spaces between words.
  _ It is " " actually. It takes spaces between words. It means there must be space or beginning/endining of the line.
  _? A phrase end in ´.
  _? A phrase end in ´.
  _! Loudness.
  _! Loudness.
Line 164: Line 182:
  ú v´ in theory.
  ú v´ in theory.
  to allograph is toc this, these
  to allograph is toc this, these
sa allograph is sac that kind of
na allograph is nac I, we
  le allograph is lei they
  le allograph is lei they
  vi allograph is vie what like
  vi allograph is vie what like
Line 174: Line 190:
  fsd carrier
  fsd carrier
  kvs house
  kvs house
lvo mankind
  mon humanoid
  mon humanoid
{{trans-bottom|}}
se e̯ä ɐ e ei̯ i̯e äu̯ ii̯ i̯y o ou̯ u̯o u̯e i̯o uu̯ øi̯/  lisation of the phoneme approved allophonemes. ɰ, r/l before any vowel/zero consonant/e at wo/a after an a,  äɐ̯, á/ä, äɐ̯ äː äi̯, äi̯. äou̯, ó,. ɥ, l written before any consonant letter, ɥ̥ jʷ ɥ, ɥ. ŋ, h, ŋ̥ ŋ ɳ, ɳ. k, k, x q k, k. d, d/t, d̥ t d, t. f, f, ʋ f, f. t͡s,, m, m̥ m, m. Descriptions on writings are about graphemes., ɡ allohones.llohoes. /bt, ʔ/  lid combiationels sy side  si, somee: œʏ̯/ ch morphemjet moverb.  uit or lt, shiermins wh Glossing abbreviations, 1 first person. 2 second person. 3 third person. .acc accusative. a adjective. adn adnoun. adv adverbial. caus causative verb. .com comitative. dat dative, self causative. dem demonstrative, relative, interrogative. .dim diminutive. .inst instrumental, condition. .neg negative. n noun. lat lative. .loc locative. obj objective, any complement of verb where a motion towards. pt particle. ste stem. s subject, any complement of verb where a motion originates, possessive. agent agentive noun of transitive verb. ss same subject. v verb. .vi intransitive verb. .vt transitive verb. .t theme, vocative, topic. .vol volitive. Features: CV(C). (C)V(C) if it is a morpheme. hypothised features: A let. Words written in a letter are verbs. Written in two, prowords. Written in three if it ends in 'n' etc, words of two letter + a morpheme. Written in three letters, any other, mostly nouns. Written in four, second may be a douplication of the first syllable, onomatopeias.
x * * It may be absent.    h - ong x .  5678, 10, 11, 12. ae kln xls tve cam fír on lís süf bat nuin zek élf tvölf.  abbreviations, (such as gender in a language where the word does not show it  of canonical transit ACC caseADVadverb(ial),  caseAPPappositionATTRattributiveCOM caseCBconverbDAT selc, case durat aspect, continuous aspectFINfinte FOCfocusINS, R, NTRintransitive LAT case LOC , POSS markerREL(izer)SBJ, SUBSTEM TOPTR, TRANtansitive verb,  caseV, VB or vebalVIre , intransitVT, VOL : S-Topic. very single word is a , right branching of a clause, left eement modifies that in rigt. djectifie is a . ouns ith enclitics or VO phrases, are indicative moods.  Word formation: (+coerb) noun (+ier) (+demonstrative) (+enclitic) (+verb) noun (+enclitic) (+adjectifier). V)
  Made text Sampling ɐi̯t to call,
  of it is what
  neaka fî Sèdnan.


{|  x * * It may be absent.    h - ong x .   56789, 10, 11, 12. ae kln xls tve cam fír on lís süf bat nuin zek élf tvölf.  abbreviations, (such as gender in a language where the word does not show it  of canonical transit ACC caseADVadverb(ial),  caseAPPappositionATTRattributiveCOM caseCBconverbDAT selc, case durat aspect, continuous aspectFINfinte FOCfocusINS, R, NTRintransitive LAT case LOC , POSS markerREL(izer)SBJ, SUBSTEM TOPTR, TRANtansitive verb,  caseV, VB or vebalVIre , intransitVT, VOL : S-Topic. very single word is a , right branching of a clause, left eement modifies that in rigt. djectifie is a . ouns ith enclitics or VO phrases, are indicative moods. Word formation: (+coerb) noun (+ier) (+demonstrative) (+enclitic) (+verb) noun (+enclitic) (+adjectifier). V)
   of this is what
|}
  Famsendocleâ.


{|  Made text Sampling ɐi̯t to call,|}
  fam sendoc lehhar
{|  of it is what|}
{|  neaka fî Sèdnan.|}


{|  of this is what|}
  Naciórneûrs a Lekma Neîdoc.
{|  Famsendocleâ.|}
 
{|  fam sendoc lehhar|}
 
{|  Naciórneûrs a Lekma Neîdoc.|}
 
{|  of who does wat|}
{|  kainimdaues doc.|}
|}


  of who does wat
  kainimdaues doc.
{{trans-bottom|}}


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