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=='' | ==Regular verbs== | ||
''''' | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |||
!colspan="3" | Subject affixes | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3" | Present | |||
|- | |||
!| | |||
!style="width: 200px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 200px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''mólīn, mólī(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''irḗdain, irēdai(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''gā́lein, gā́lei(n)<sup>1</sup>-'' | |||
|''mólmaech, mólmaech-''<br/>''irēdámaech, irēdamaech-''<br/>''gā́lémaech, gā́lemaech-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''mólynse, mólynse-''<br/>''irēdánse, irēdanse-''<br/>''gā́lénse, gā́lense-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''mólyr, mólyr-''<br/>''irḗdar, irēdar-''<br/>''gā́ler, gā́ler-'' | |||
|''mólylse, mólylse-''<br/>''irēdálse, irēdalse-''<br/>''gā́lélse, gā́lelse-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.an | |||
|''mólym, mólm-''<br/>''irḗdam, irēdam-''<br/>''gā́lem, gā́lem-'' | |||
|''mólyri, mólyrie-''<br/>''irēdári, irēdarie-''<br/>''gā́léri, gā́lerie-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.other | |||
|''mólis, mólisi-''<br/>''irḗdais, irēdaisi-''<br/>''gā́leis, gā́leisi-'' | |||
|''mólti, móltie-''<br/>''irēdáti, irēdatie-''<br/>''gā́léti, gā́letie-'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3" | Imperfect | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="3"|''Add the ''yn-'' prefix to the present forms.'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3" | Preterite | |||
|- | |||
!| | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''mólýn, mólýn-''<br/>''irēdán, irēdán-''<br/>''gā́lén, gā́lén-'' | |||
|''mólmor, mólmor-''<br/>''irēdámor, irēdamor-''<br/>''gā́lémor, gā́lemor-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''móltor, móltor-''<br/>''irēdátor, irēdator-''<br/>''gā́létor, gā́letor-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''mólýr, mólýr-''<br/>''irēdár, irēdár-''<br/>''gā́lér, gā́lér-'' | |||
|''mólylis, mólylis-''<br/>''irēdális, irēdalis-''<br/>''gā́lélis, gā́lelis-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.an | |||
|''móla, mólam-''<br/>''irḗdā, irḗdām-''<br/>''gā́lea, gā́leam-'' | |||
|''mólarí, mólaríe-''<br/>''irēdārí, irēdāríe-''<br/>''gā́learí, gā́learíe-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.other | |||
|''mólar, mólar-''<br/>''irḗdār, irḗdār-''<br/>''gā́lear, gā́lear-'' | |||
|''mólatí, mólatíe-''<br/>''irēdātí, irēdātíe-''<br/>''gā́leatí, gā́leatíe-'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3" | Future | |||
|- | |||
!| | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''mólḗn, mólḗn-''<br/>''irēdā́n, irēdā́n-''<br/>''gā́líen, gā́líen-'' | |||
|''mólḗmaech, mólḗmaech-''<br/>''irēdā́maech, irēdā́maech-''<br/>''gā́líemaech, gā́líemaech-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''mólḗnse, mólḗnse-''<br/>''irēdā́nse, irēdā́nse-''<br/>''gā́líense, gā́líense-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''mólḗr, mólḗr-''<br/>''irēdā́r, irēdā́r-''<br/>''gā́líer, gā́líer-'' | |||
|''mólḗlse, mólḗlse-''<br/>''irēdā́lse, irēdā́lse-''<br/>''gā́líelse, gā́líelse-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.an | |||
|''mólḗm, mólḗm-''<br/>''irēdā́m, irēdā́m-''<br/>''gā́líem, gā́líem-'' | |||
|''mólḗri, mólḗri-''<br/>''irēdā́ri, irēdā́ri-''<br/>''gā́líeri, gā́líeri-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.other | |||
|''mólḗsi, mólḗsi-''<br/>''irēdā́si, irēdā́si-''<br/>''gā́líesi, gā́líesi-'' | |||
|''mólḗti, mólḗti-''<br/>''irēdā́ti, irēdā́ti-''<br/>''gā́líeti, gā́líeti-'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3" | Jussive | |||
|- | |||
!| | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''mólī́n, mólī́(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''irēdáin, irēdái(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''gā́léin, gā́léi(n)<sup>1</sup>-'' | |||
|''mólmáech, mólmáech-''<br/>''irēdamáech, irēdamáech-''<br/>''gā́lemáech, gā́lemáech-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''mólynt, mólynti-''<br/>''irḗdant, irēdanti-''<br/>''gā́lent, gā́lenti-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''mólt, mólti-''<br/>''irḗdat, irēdati-''<br/>''gā́let, gā́leti-'' | |||
|''mólylt, mólylti-''<br/>''irḗdalt, irēdalti-''<br/>''gā́lelt, gā́lelti-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.an | |||
|''mólmór, mólmór-''<br/>''irēdamór, irēdamór-''<br/>''gā́lemór, gā́lemór-'' | |||
|''mólyrór, mólyrór-''<br/>''irēdarór, irēdarór-''<br/>''gā́lerór, gā́lerór-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.other | |||
|''mólisór, mólisór-''<br/>''irēdasór, irēdasór-''<br/>''gā́lesór, gā́lesór-'' | |||
|''móltór, móltór-''<br/>''irēdátór, irēdatór-''<br/>''gā́létór, gā́letór-'' | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3" | Imperative | |||
|- | |||
!| | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''mólyns, mólyns-''<br/>''irḗdans, irēdans-''<br/>''gā́lens, gā́lens-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''mól, mól-''<br/>''irḗda, irḗda-''<br/>''gā́le, gā́le-'' | |||
|''mólyls, mólyls-''<br/>''irḗdals, irēdals-''<br/>''gā́lels, gā́lels-'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Non-finite forms | |||
|- | |||
!Present<br/>participle | |||
|colspan="2"|''mólyryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''mólyrl-''<br/>''irēdáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''irēdárl-''<br/>''gā́léryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''gā́lérl-'' | |||
|- | |||
!Imperfect<br/>participle | |||
|colspan="3"|''Prefix ''yn-'' to the present participle.'' | |||
|- | |||
!Preterite<br/>participle | |||
|colspan="2"|''mólnáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''mólnárl-''<br/>''irēdanáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''irēdanárl-''<br/>''gā́lenáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''gā́lenárl-'' | |||
|- | |||
!Future<br/>participle | |||
|colspan="2"|''mólḗryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''mólḗrl-''<br/>''irēdā́ryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''irēdā́rl-''<br/>''gā́líeryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''gā́líerl-'' | |||
|- | |||
!Infinitive | |||
|colspan="2"|''móls<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''irēdás<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''gā́lés<sup>M</sup>'' | |||
|- | |||
!Supine | |||
|colspan="2"|''mólḗð<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''irēdā́ð<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''térieð<sup>M</sup>'' | |||
|} | |||
==Semivowel stems== | |||
===''*j''-stems=== | |||
'''''áubiī́''' - attack, strike'' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''ivs''''' | ||
|''áub'''ins''' | |''áub'''ins''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|''áub'''i''' | |''áub'''i''''' | ||
|''áub'''irs''''' | |||
|''áub'''ils''''' | |||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''iī''''' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''idir''''' | ||
|''áub'''ima''''' | |''áub'''ima''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''ivse''''' | ||
|''áub'''inse''''' | |''áub'''inse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|''áub'''ir''''' | |''áub'''ir''''' | ||
|''áub'''irse''''' | |||
|''áub'''ilse''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|''áub'''i''''' | |''áub'''i''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|''áub''' | |rowspan="2"|''áub'''īr''''' | ||
|''áub'''ivi''''' | |''áub'''ivi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''īs''''' | ||
|''áub'''iti''''' | |''áub'''iti''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|''áub'''ín''''' | |''áub'''ín''''' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''isid''''' | ||
|''áub'''imi''''' | |''áub'''imi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|''áub'''itā''''' | |''áub'''itā''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|''áub'''ír''''' | |''áub'''ír''''' | ||
|''áub'''irith''''' | |||
|''áub'''ilith''''' | |||
|''áub''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''isa''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|''áub'''isrí''''' | |rowspan="2"|''áub'''isrí''''' | ||
|''áub'''isví''''' | |''áub'''isví''''' | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Future''' | ||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''áub'''ī́n''''' | |||
|''áub'''ī́dir''''' | |||
|''áub'''ī́ma''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''áub'''ī́vse''''' | |||
|''áub'''ī́nse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''áub'''ī́r''''' | |||
|''áub'''ī́rse''''' | |||
|''áub'''ī́lse''''' | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''áub'''ī́''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''áub'''ī́ri''''' | |||
|''áubi'''ī́vi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''áub'''ī́s''''' | |||
|''áub'''ī́ti''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''áub'''iī́''''' | |||
|''áub'''irdá''''' | |||
|''áub'''imir''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''áub'''ivt''''' | |||
|''áub'''int''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''áub'''it''''' | |||
|''áub'''irt''''' | |||
|''áub'''ilt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''áub'''imá''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''áub'''īrá''''' | |||
|''áub'''iħá''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''áub'''īsá''''' | |||
|''áub'''itá''''' | |||
|} | |||
===*w-stems=== | |||
'''''qervī́''' - pack, condense'' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''qér'''uvs''''' | |||
|''qér'''uns''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''qér'''y''''' | |||
|''qér'''urs''''' | |||
|''qér'''uls''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Present''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''qér'''vī''''' | ||
|'' | |''qér'''udir''''' | ||
|'' | |''qér'''uma''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''qér'''uvse''''' | ||
|'' | |''qér'''unse''''' | ||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''qér'''ur''''' | |||
|''qér'''urse''''' | |||
|''qér'''ulse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''qér'''y''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''qer'''vir''''' | |||
|''qér'''uvi''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''qér'''vis''''' | ||
|''qér'''uti''''' | |||
| | |} | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !colspan="4" | '''Past perfective''' | ||
|'' | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''qer'''ún''''' | |||
|''qér'''usid''''' | |||
|''qér'''umi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''qér'''utar''''' | |||
|''qér'''utā''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''qer'''úr''''' | |||
|''qér'''urith''''' | |||
|''qér'''ulith''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''qér'''usa''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''qer'''usrí''''' | ||
|'' | |''qer'''usví''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''qér'''usar''''' | ||
|'' | |''qer'''ustí''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''qer'''vḗn''''' | ||
|'' | |''qer'''vḗdir''''' | ||
|'' | |''qer'''vḗma''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''qer'''vḗvse''''' | ||
|'' | |''qer'''vḗnse''''' | ||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''qer'''vḗr''''' | |||
|''qer'''vḗrse''''' | |||
|''qer'''vḗlse''''' | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''qer'''vḗ''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''qer'''vḗri''''' | |||
|''qer'''vḗvi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''qerv'''éis''''' | |||
|''qerv'''ḗti''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''qerv'''ī́''''' | |||
|''qer'''urdá''''' | |||
|''qér'''umir''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''qér'''uvt''''' | |||
|''qér'''unt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''qér'''ut''''' | |||
|''qér'''urt''''' | |||
|''qér'''ult''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''qer'''umá''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''qer'''virá''''' | |||
|''qer'''uħá''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''qer'''visá''''' | |||
|''qer'''utá''''' | |||
|} | |||
==Labial obstruent stems== | |||
''-vi, -vie-'' "dissimilates" to ''-ħi, -ħie-'' | |||
'''''duobī́''' - to be assembled'' | |||
==Coronal obstruent stems== | |||
===*t-, *d-, *tʰ-, *s-stems=== | |||
{*t *d *tʰ *s} | |||
*> ''s'' / _t<br/> | |||
*> ''r'' / _d<br/> | |||
'''''qvothī́''' - shout'' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''qvóth'''yvs''''' | |||
|''qvóth'''yns''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''qvóth''''' | |||
|''qvóth'''yrs''''' | |||
|''qvóth'''yls''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Present''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''qvóth'''ī''''' | |||
|''qvó'''rdir''''' | |||
|''qvóth'''ma''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''qvóth'''yvse''''' | |||
|''qvóth'''ynse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''qvóth'''yr''''' | |||
|''qvóth'''yrse''''' | |||
|''qvóth'''ylse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''qvóth'''e''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''qvóth'''ir''''' | |||
|''qvóth'''vi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''qvóth'''is''''' | |||
|''qvó'''sti''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''qvoth'''ýn''''' | ||
| | |''qvó'''ssid''''' | ||
| | |''qvóth'''mi''''' | ||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''qvó'''star''''' | |||
|''qvó'''stā''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''qvoth'''ýr''''' | ||
|''qvóth'''rith''''' | |||
|''qvóth'''lith''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''qvó'''ssa''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''qvo'''srí''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvo'''sví''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''qvó'''ssar''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvo'''stí''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 187: | Line 589: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''qvoth'''ī́''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvoth'''yrdá''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''mir''''' | ||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''qvóth'''yvt''''' | |||
|''qvóth'''ynt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''qvóth'''yt''''' | |||
|''qvóth'''yrt''''' | |||
|''qvóth'''ylt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''qvoth'''má''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''qvoth'''irá''''' | |||
|''qvoth'''ħá''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''qvoth'''isá''''' | |||
|''qvo'''stá''''' | |||
|} | |||
===*z-stems=== | |||
'''''fáerī́''' - interlock, jam'' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''fáér'''yvs''''' | |||
|''fáér'''yns''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''fáér''''' | |||
|''fáér'''yrs''''' | |||
|''fáér'''yls''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Present''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''fáér'''ī''''' | |||
|''fáér'''dir''''' | |||
|''fáér'''ma''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''fáér'''yvse''''' | |||
|''fáér'''ynse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''fáér'''yr''''' | |||
|''fáér'''yrse''''' | |||
|''fáér'''ylse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''fáér'''e''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''fáer'''ir''''' | |||
|''fáér'''vi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''fáér'''is''''' | |||
|''fáé'''sti''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''fáer'''ýn''''' | |||
|''fáé'''ssid''''' | |||
|''fáér'''mi''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''fáé'''star''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáé'''stā''''' | ||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''fáer'''ýr''''' | |||
|''fáér'''rith''''' | |||
|''fáer'''lith''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''fáé'''ssa''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''fáe'''srí''''' | |||
|''fáe'''sví''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''fáé'''ssar''''' | |||
|''fáe'''stí''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''fáer'''ī́''''' | |||
|''fáer'''yrdá''''' | |||
|''fáér'''mir''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|1.in | ||
|'' | |''-'' | ||
|''fáér'''yvt''''' | |||
|''fáér'''ynt''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''fáer'''yt''''' | ||
|''fáér'''yrt''''' | |||
|''fáér'''ylt''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''fáer'''má''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''fáer'''irá''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáer'''ħá''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''fáer'''isá''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáe'''stá'''''<br/> | ||
|} | |} | ||
== | ===*ʒ-stems=== | ||
''''' | '''''néuzī́''''' - ''pound, stamp'' | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 227: | Line 754: | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''néur'''yvs''''' | ||
|'' | |''néuz'''yns''''' | ||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''néuz''''' | |||
|''néuz'''yrs''''' | |||
|''néuz'''yls''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Present''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''néuz'''ī''''' | |||
|''néur'''dir''''' | |||
|''néur'''ma''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''néur'''yvse''''' | |||
|''néuz'''ynse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''néuz'''yr''''' | |||
|''néuz'''yrse''''' | |||
|''néuz'''ylse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''néuz'''e''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''néuz'''ir''''' | |||
|''néuz'''vi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''néuz'''is''''' | |||
|''néus'''ti''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''néuz'''ýn''''' | |||
|''néu'''ssid''''' | |||
|''néur'''mi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''néu'''star''''' | |||
|''néu'''stā''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''néuz'''ýr''''' | |||
|''néur'''rith''''' | |||
|''néur'''lith''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''néu'''ssa''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''néu'''srí''''' | ||
|''néu'''sví''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|2.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''néu'''ssar''''' | ||
|''néu'''stí''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''néuz'''ī́''''' | |||
|''néuz'''yrdá''''' | |||
|''néur'''mir''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''néur'''yvt''''' | |||
|''néuz'''ynt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''néuz'''yt''' | |||
|''néuz'''yrt''''' | |||
|''néuz'''ylt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''néur'''má''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''néuz'''irá''''' | |||
|''néur'''ħá''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''néuz'''isá''''' | |||
|''néu'''stá'''''<br/> | |||
|} | |||
==*ç- and *ƶ-stems== | |||
{*ç, *ƶ} | |||
*> ''ch'' / _*C[+coronal +plosive] | |||
*> ''s'' / _*C[+coronal +fricative/affricate] | |||
*> [ː~] / _{''*ç'', ''*ƶ''} | |||
*> ''th, ð'' otherwise | |||
'''''rȳthī́''' - classify, categorize'' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''rȳ̌th'''yvs''''' | |||
|''rȳ̌th'''yns''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''rȳ̌th''''' | |||
|''rȳ̌th'''yrs''''' | |||
|''rȳ̌th'''yls''''' | |||
|} | |} | ||
Line 250: | Line 909: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''ī''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌ch'''dir''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''ma''''' | ||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''rȳ̌th'''yvse''''' | |||
|''rȳ̌th'''ynse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''rȳ̌th'''yr''''' | |||
|''rȳ̌th'''yrse''''' | |||
|''rȳ̌th'''ylse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''rȳ̌th'''e''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''rȳ̌th'''ir''''' | |||
|''rȳ̌th'''vi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''rȳ̌th'''is''''' | |||
|''rȳ̌ch'''ti''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Past perchective''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''rȳth'''ýn''''' | |||
|''rȳ̌'''ssid''''' | |||
|''rȳ̌th'''mi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''rȳ̌ch'''tar''''' | |||
|''rȳ̌ch'''tā''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''rȳth'''ýr''''' | |||
|''rȳ̌th'''rith''''' | |||
|''rȳ̌th'''lith''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''rȳ̌'''ssa''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''rȳ'''srí''''' | |||
|''rȳ'''sví''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''rȳ̌'''ssar''''' | |||
|''rȳ'''stí''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''rȳth'''ī́''''' | |||
|''rȳth'''yrdá''''' | |||
|''rȳ̌th'''mir''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''rȳ̌th'''yvt''''' | |||
|''rȳ̌th'''ynt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''rȳ̌th'''yt''''' | |||
|''rȳ̌th'''yrt''''' | |||
|''rȳ̌th'''ylt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''rȳth'''má''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''rȳth'''irá''''' | |||
|''rȳth'''ħá''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''rȳth'''isá''''' | |||
|''rȳ'''chtá''''' | |||
|} | |||
==Velar stems== | |||
C[+plosive, +velar] > ''ch'' / _''d/t/ŧ''<br/> | |||
''g'' > ''c'' / _C[-voiced] | |||
'''''uogī́''' - err, miss'' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''yvs''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''yns''''' | ||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''ǔog''''' | |||
|''ǔog'''yrs''''' | |||
|''ǔog'''yls''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Present''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''ǔog'''ī''''' | |||
|''ǔoch'''dir''''' | |||
|''ǔog'''ma''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|1.in | ||
|'' | |''-'' | ||
|''ǔog'''yvse''''' | |||
|''ǔog'''ynse''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''yr''''' | ||
|''ǔog'''yrse''''' | |||
|''ǔog'''ylse''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''e''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''ǔog'''ir''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''vi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''is''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔoch'''ti''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 288: | Line 1,075: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''uog'''ýn''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔoc'''sid''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''mi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''ǔoch'''tar''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔoch'''tā''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''uog'''ýr''''' | ||
|''ǔog'''rith''''' | |||
|''ǔog'''lith''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|2.f | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''ǔoc'''sa''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|''uoc'''srí''''' | |||
|''uoc'''sví''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''ǔoc'''sar''''' | |||
|''uoc'''stí''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''uog'''ī́''''' | |||
|''uog'''yrdá''''' | |||
|''ǔog'''mir''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''ǔog'''yvt''''' | |||
|''ǔog'''ynt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''ǔog'''yt''''' | |||
|''ǔog'''yrt''''' | |||
|''ǔog'''ylt''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''uog'''má''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''uog'''irá''''' | ||
|'' | |''uog'''ħá''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''uog'''isá''''' | ||
|'' | |''uoch'''tá'''''<br/> | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Guttural stems== | |||
===Radical stems=== | |||
====*q-stems==== | |||
====*ʁ-stems==== | |||
====*qʰ-stems==== | |||
===*ʔ-stems=== | |||
<nowiki>*</nowiki>ʔ | |||
*> [ː~] / V_CV | |||
*> [~ː] / V_CC | |||
'''''hēseī́''' - feel, emote'' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Imperative''' | ||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''hēsḗ'''vs''''' | |||
|''hēsḗ'''ns''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''hēsé'' | |||
|''hēsḗ'''rs''''' | |||
|''hēsḗ'''ls''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Present''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
Line 326: | Line 1,178: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''hēsé'''ī''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēsé'''ddir''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēsé'''mma''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''hēsḗ'''vse''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēsḗ'''nse''''' | ||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''hēsé'''yr''''' | |||
|''hēs'''ḗrse''''' | |||
|''hēs'''ḗlse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''hēs'''é''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''hēsé'''ìr''''' | |||
|''hēsé'''vvi''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''hēsé'''ìs''''' | ||
| | |''hēsé'''tti''''' | ||
| | |} | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''hēse'''ýn''''' | |||
|''hēsé'''ssid''''' | |||
|''hēsé'''mmi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''hēsé'''ttar''''' | |||
|''hēsé'''ttā''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''hēse'''ýr''''' | ||
|''hēsé'''rrith''''' | |||
|''hēsé'''llith''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''hēsé'''ssa''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''hēsē'''srí''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēsē'''sví''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''hēsé'''ssar''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēsē'''stí''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 364: | Line 1,248: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''hēse'''ḗn''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēse'''ḗdir''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēse'''ḗma''''' | ||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''hēse'''ḗvse''''' | |||
|''hēse'''ḗnse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''hēse'''ḗr''''' | |||
|''hēse'''ḗrse''''' | |||
|''hēse'''ḗlse''''' | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''hēse'''ḗ''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''hēse'''ḗri''''' | |||
|''hēse'''ḗvi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''hḗse'''éis''''' | |||
|''hḗse'''ḗti''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''hēse'''ī́''''' | |||
|''hēsē'''rdá''''' | |||
|''hēsé'''mmir''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''hēsḗ'''vt''''' | |||
|''hēsḗ'''nt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''hēsḗ'''t''''' | |||
|''hēsḗ'''rt''''' | |||
|''hēsḗ'''lt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''hēse'''mmá''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''hēse'''ìrá''''' | |||
|''hēsē'''ħá''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''hēse'''ìsá''''' | |||
|''hēse'''ttá''''' | |||
|} | |||
====*{m, n, l, r}ʔ-stems==== | |||
''*{m, n, l, r}ʔ'' | |||
*> ''mp'', ''{n, l, r}t'' | |||
*> ''m'' / _C[+labial +obstruent], ''{n, l, r}'' / _C[+coronal +obstruent] | |||
'''''híltī́''' - imply, make transparent'' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''hílty'''vs''''' | |||
|''hílty'''ns''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''hílt'' | |||
|''hílty'''rs''''' | |||
|''hílty'''ls''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Present''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''hílt'''ī''''' | |||
|''híl'''dir''''' | |||
|''hílt'''ma''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''hílty'''vse''''' | |||
|''hílty'''nse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''hílty'''r''''' | |||
|''hílty'''rse''''' | |||
|''hílty'''lse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''hílt'''e''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''hílt'''ir''''' | |||
|''hílt'''vi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''hílt'''is''''' | |||
|''híl'''ti''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''hílt'''ýn''''' | |||
|''híl'''sid''''' | |||
|''hílt'''mi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''híl'''tar''''' | |||
|''híl'''tā''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''hílt'''ýr''''' | |||
|''hílt'''rith''''' | |||
|''hílt'''lith''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''híl'''sa''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''híl'''srí''''' | |||
|''híl'''sví''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''híl'''sar''''' | |||
|''híl'''stí''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''hílt'''ī́''''' | |||
|''hílty'''rdá''''' | |||
|''hílt'''mir''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''hílty'''vt''''' | |||
|''hílty'''nt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''hílt'''yt''''' | |||
|''hílty'''rt''''' | |||
|''hílty'''lt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''hílt'''má''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''hílt'''irá''''' | |||
|''hílt'''ħá''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''hílt'''isá''''' | |||
|''híl'''tá''''' | |||
|} | |||
===''h''-stems=== | |||
<nowiki>*</nowiki>h | |||
*> [ː~] / V_C[+fricative]V | |||
*> [~ː] / V_C[otherwise] | |||
'''''bohī́''' - measure'' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''bō̌'''vs''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''ns''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''bō̌'' | |||
|''bō̌'''rs''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''ls''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Present''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''bóh'''ī''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''dir''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''ma''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''bō̌'''vse''''' | ||
|'' | |''bō̌'''nse''''' | ||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''bóh'''yr''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''rse''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''lse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''bóh'''e''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''bóh'''ir''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''vi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''bóh'''is''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''ti''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''boh'''ýn''''' | ||
| | |''bó'''ssid''''' | ||
| | |''bō̌'''mi''''' | ||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''bō̌'''tar''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''tā''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''boh'''ýr''''' | ||
|''bō̌'''rith''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''lith''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''bó'''ssa''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''bō'''srí''''' | ||
|'' | |''bō'''sví''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''bó'''ssar''''' | ||
|'' | |''bō'''stí''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 402: | Line 1,547: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''boh'''ī́''''' | ||
|'' | |''bō̌'''rdá''''' | ||
|'' | |''bō̌'''mir''''' | ||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''bō̌'''vt''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''nt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''bō̌'''t''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''rt''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''lt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''bō'''má''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''boh'''irá''''' | |||
|''bō'''ħá''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''boh'''isá''''' | |||
|''bō'''tá''''' | |||
|} | |||
====*{m, n, l, r}h-stems==== | |||
''*{m, n, l, r}h'' | |||
*> ''mf'', ''{n, l, r}th'' | |||
*> ''m'' / _C[+labial +obstruent], ''{n, l, r}'' / _C[+coronal +obstruent] | |||
'''''inthī́''' - lie (be in a supine position)'' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''ínthy'''vs''''' | |||
|''ínthy'''ns''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''ínth'' | |||
|''ínthy'''rs''''' | |||
|''ínthy'''ls''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Present''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''ínth'''ī''''' | |||
|''ín'''dir''''' | |||
|''ínth'''ma''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''ínthy'''vse''''' | |||
|''ínthy'''nse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''ínthy'''r''''' | |||
|''ínthy'''rse''''' | |||
|''ínthy'''lse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''ínth'''e''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''ínth'''ir''''' | |||
|''ínth'''vi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''ínth'''is''''' | |||
|''ín'''ti''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''inth'''ýn''''' | |||
|''ín'''sid''''' | |||
|''ínth'''mi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''ín'''tar''''' | |||
|''ín'''tā''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''inth'''ýr''''' | |||
|''ínth'''rith''''' | |||
|''ínth'''lith''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''ín'''sa''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''in'''srí''''' | |||
|''in'''sví''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''ín'''sar''''' | |||
|''in'''stí''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''inth'''ī́''''' | |||
|''inthy'''rdá''''' | |||
|''ínth'''mir''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''ínthy'''vt''''' | |||
|''ínthy'''nt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''ínth'''yt''''' | |||
|''ínthy'''rt''''' | |||
|''ínthy'''lt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''inth'''má''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''inth'''irá''''' | |||
|''inth'''ħá''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''inth'''isá''''' | |||
|''in'''tá''''' | |||
|} | |||
==Irregular verbs== | |||
===Suppletive verbs=== | |||
Suppletive verbs have many monosyllabic forms; in order to compensate for the lack of tonal information other roots were grafted into their paradigms. | |||
====''vā́cī́n'' - copula==== | |||
The copula is highly suppletive. The present, future, jussive and the infinitives share the stem ''vā́c-'', while the imperfect has the stem ''ynt-'' (< ''*ʔṇʔ-''). (There is no preterite.) Note also the preterite endings in the imperfect tense. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''vā́c'''yvs''''' | |||
|''vā́c'''yns''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''vā́c'' | |||
|''vā́c'''yrs''''' | |||
|''vā́c'''yls''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Present''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|(''vā́c'''īn''''') | |||
|(''vā́ch'''dir''''') | |||
|(''vā́c'''mi''''') | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |(''vā́c'''yvse''''') | ||
|'' | |(''vā́c'''ynse''''') | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |(''vā́c'''yr''''') | ||
| | |(''vā́c'''yrse''''') | ||
| | |(''vā́c'''ylse''''') | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2.f | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |(''vā́ce'') | ||
|rowspan="2"|(''vā́c'''ir''''') | |||
|(''vā́c'''vi''''') | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|(''vā́c'''is''''') | |||
|(''vā́ch'''ti''''') | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Present subjunctive''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''ávā́c'''īn''''' | |||
|''ávā́ch'''dir''''' | |||
|''ávā́c'''mi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''ávā́c'''yvse''''' | |||
|''ávā́c'''ynse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''ávā́c'''yr''''' | |||
|''ávā́c'''yrse''''' | |||
|''ávā́c'''ylse''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''ávā́ce'' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''ávā́c'''ir''''' | ||
|'' | |''ávā́c'''vi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''ávā́c'''is''''' | ||
|'' | |''ávā́ch'''ti''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
== | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Imperfect''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''yntýn'' | |||
|''ýnsid'' | |||
|''ýntmā'' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''ýntar'' | |||
|''ýntā'' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''yntýr'' | |||
|''ýntrith'' | |||
|''ýntlith'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''ýnta'' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''yntarí'' | |||
|''yntaví'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''ýntar'' | |||
|''yntatí'' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Imperfect subjunctive''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''ēntýn'' | |||
|''ḕnsid'' | |||
|''ḕntmā'' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''ḕntar'' | |||
|''ḕntā'' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''ēntýr'' | |||
|''ḕntrith'' | |||
|''ḕntlith'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''ḕnta'' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''ēntarí'' | |||
|''ēntaví'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''ḕntar'' | |||
|''ēntatí'' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''vā́c'''ī́n''''' | |||
|''vā́ch'''dír''''' | |||
|''vā́c'''mí''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''vā́c'''yvt''''' | |||
|''vā́c'''ynt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''vā́c'''yt''''' | |||
|''vā́c'''yrt''''' | |||
|''vā́c'''ylt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''vā́c'''má''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''vā́c'''irá''''' | |||
|''vā́c'''ħá''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''vā́c'''isá''''' | |||
|''vā́ch'''tá''''' | |||
|} | |||
====''morī́n'' - 'exist'==== | |||
===Reduplicating stems=== | |||
These verbs are reflexes of monosyllabic verbs whose stem originally consisted of consonant clusters with no vowel and was subsequently reduplicated to accommodate tonal patterns. They comprise a few irregular verbs. | |||
===Eliding stems=== |
edits