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Kalyahekwe: Difference between revisions
→Verbs
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|- | |- | ||
! 1<sup>st</sup> | ! 1<sup>st</sup> | ||
| '' | | ''či_''<br>''θi_''<sup>M</sup> | ||
| '' | | ''čil_''<br>''θið_''<sup>M</sup> | ||
| ''k_'' | | ''(h)k_'' | ||
| ''k_as'' | | ''(h)k_as'' | ||
| ''k_iit'' | | ''(h)k_iit'' | ||
| ''m_'' | | ''m_'' | ||
| ''m_as'' | | ''m_as'' | ||
| Line 294: | Line 294: | ||
| ''_ah''<br>''_ehci'' | | ''_ah''<br>''_ehci'' | ||
| ''_iit''<br>''_iyih'' | | ''_iit''<br>''_iyih'' | ||
| '' | | ''sö_(a)''<br>''_š(a)''<sup>Š</sup> | ||
| ''_(a)si''<br>'' | | ''_(a)si''<br>''_šösi''<sup>Š</sup><br>''_söθ''<sup>M</sup> | ||
| ''_(a)li''<br>''_šoyi''<sup>Š</sup> | | ''_(a)li''<br>''_šoyi''<sup>Š</sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 305: | Line 305: | ||
| ''_iin'' | | ''_iin'' | ||
| ''yo_(a)''<br>''_i'' | | ''yo_(a)''<br>''_i'' | ||
| ''yo_(a)si''<br>'' | | ''yo_(a)si''<br>''_öči''<br>''_öθ''<sup>M</sup> | ||
| ''yo_(a)li''<br>''_iyi''<sup>Š</sup> | | ''yo_(a)li''<br>''_iyi''<sup>Š</sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''M''' - Möhkinis dialects, '''Š''' - Šonoowis dialect. | *'''M''' - Möhkinis dialects, '''Š''' - Šonoowis dialect. | ||
Aspect are shown with multiple prefixes attached to a lexical stem. There are multiple aspect prefixes, sometimes more than one aspectual prefix can be attached to a verb. They are often used in combination with various clitics, but can also be used on their own. Together with person markers and a root they are compulsory parts of a verb. Aspect markers are not used to describe time, the same way as tenses in English, but can tell about the duration or completeness. Comparing to some Southern languages, Kalyah has a moderate inventory of aspectual prefixes. Four modifiers are used to change the [[w:Valency|valency]] of the verb. A modifier is always placed right next to the root before any other prefixes. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan=2| Aspects | |||
! colspan=2| Modifiers | |||
|- | |||
! Imperfective | |||
| (vowel lenthening) | |||
! Causative | |||
| ''ta-'' | |||
|- | |||
! Perfective | |||
| ∅ | |||
! Detransitive | |||
| ''s-'' | |||
|- | |||
! Iterative | |||
| ''ka-'' | |||
! Reflexive | |||
| ''koo-'' | |||
|- | |||
| Habitual | |||
| ''aa-'' | |||
! Reciprocal | |||
| ''ee-'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Apart from aspect prefixes a verb can also have one or several '''preverbs''' that are attached after all previous prefixes. Preverbs are used for various purposes, most commonly to give some additional information about space and time where the took place. They are not compulsory, but some are used quite often. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! Preverb | |||
! Usage | |||
|- | |||
| ''e-'' | |||
| Conjunct preverb. | |||
|- | |||
| ''ii-'' | |||
| In relative clauses to mark conditional. | |||
|- | |||
| ''yii-'' | |||
| Past irrealis (things that could have happened, but did not). | |||
|- | |||
| ''waa-'' | |||
| Used as "because", in relative clauses. | |||
|- | |||
| ''mjö-'' | |||
| Notes that the actions are simultaneous, like English "when". | |||
|- | |||
| ''mekw-'' | |||
| Indicates possible and/or future actions. | |||
|- | |||
| ''hjaa-'' | |||
| Indicates distant past, used with imperfective aspect. | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
[[w:Linguistic modality|Modality]] allows for expressing a speaker's general intentions (or illocutionary point) and whether the proposition expressed is true, obligatory, desirable, or actual. | |||
Modal prefixes in Kalyah have a similar role to modal verbs in English. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! Prefix | |||
! Meaning | |||
|- | |||
| ''oo-'' | |||
| possibility, likelyhood | |||
|- | |||
| ''naa-'' | |||
| ability | |||
|- | |||
| ''so-'' | |||
| necessity | |||
|- | |||
| ''öö-'' | |||
| desire, wish | |||
|- | |||
| ''ðe-'' | |||
| permission | |||
|- | |||
| ''iih-'' | |||
| request | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Settameric languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Settameric languages]] | ||