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''' | '''Thurish''' /ˈθɚrɪʃ/ ''THER-ish'' (natively ''þawrysko'', ''þawrysk górăd'' /θəwˈrɨsk gorəd/ or more formally ''þawrysk gordrad''; ''þawrysk'' is cognate to Russian север 'north') is an IE language isolate spoken in our Norway and Sweden (its speakers are called "the Thurs" in English). It evolved in a sprachbund with Brythonic languages and [[Hivantish]]. It has some non-SAE features, such as split-ergativity (conditioned by tense as in Hindi). Stress is weakly final (penultimate in "segolates"). | ||
Thurish sound changes turned the palatalized consonants into geminates or "Greekified" them (lj > ľľ > ɬ; nj > ňň > jn; śj, tj > śś, ćć > θ, etc.). Proto-Thurish had something similar to the PBS acute, which made vowels RTR/lax and thus had RTR-like effects on vowels (i > e, u > o, a > o in some cases; lack of acute conditions aR > eR). | |||
It is inspired by Welsh and | It is inspired by Welsh, Greek, and Hebrew. | ||
PBS *dōra, *źemē, *waljā, *źwēris > *dōrə, *źemmē₁, *wallā, *ẑē₁rɨ > duar, | TODO: change name | ||
PBS *dōra, *źemē, *waljā, *źwēris > *dōrə, *źemmē₁, *wallā, *ẑē₁rɨ > duar, jemne, gwəllo, ghieră /duər, jɛmnɛ, gwəɬɔ, ʀiərɨ/ "gift, earth, pleasure, animal" | |||
dear? dêr? = tree (derwan > *dē₂r) | dear? dêr? = tree (derwan > *dē₂r) | ||
*dʰer-mos > | *dʰer-mos > dermas 'is suitable' > derm "good" (~ firmus, dharma) | ||
Ăh gorðon þawryske derm /əx gɐr'ðɔn θəwrɨs'kɛ 'dɛrɛm/ = I speak Thurish well | |||
giwiþ = to live | |||
TODO: Russian/Hebrew-esque vowel reduction; should have some Tocharian style weirdness | |||
==Phonology== | |||
Voiceless stops are aspirated; historical voiced stops may be devoiced | |||
==Declension== | ==Declension== | ||
Warhinysko has 5 cases: nominative, accusative, oblique-ergative, genitive, and vocative. The oblique-ergative was formed from a merger of the PBS dative, instrumental and locative cases. | Warhinysko has 5 cases: nominative, accusative, oblique-ergative, genitive, and vocative. The oblique-ergative was formed from a merger of the PBS dative, instrumental and locative cases. | ||
Thurish has lost IE grammatical gender. However, like in Slavic languages, there is an animacy distinction: the accusative case is the same as the genitive for animate nouns and the same as the nominative for inanimate nouns. | |||
*''Llawbdon min'''a''' jeno'''s''''' = I love my wife (animate) | |||
*''Llawbdon min wordrad'' = I love my language (inanimate) | |||
===o-stem declension=== | ===o-stem declension=== | ||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
! colspan=2| '' | ! colspan=2| ''gwylek'' = wolf | ||
! colspan=2| ''guolo'' = head | ! colspan=2| ''guolo'' = head | ||
! colspan=2| ''morr'' = sea | ! colspan=2| ''morr'' /mor̥/ = sea | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
Line 34: | Line 45: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|'' | |''gwylek'' ||''gwylke'' | ||
|''guolo'' ||''guolos'' | |''guolo'' ||''guolos'' | ||
|''morr'' ||''morre'' | |''morr'' ||''morre'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|'' | |''gwylka'' ||''gwylku'' | ||
|''guolos'' ||''guolu'' | |''guolos'' ||''guolu'' | ||
|''morra'' ||''morru'' | |''morra'' ||''morru'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Accusative''' | |align="right" |'''Accusative''' | ||
|'' | |''gwylka'' ||''gwylku'' | ||
|''guolo'' ||''guolos'' | |''guolo'' ||''guolos'' | ||
|''morr'' ||''morre'' | |''morr'' ||''morre'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Oblique-Ergative''' | |align="right" |'''Oblique-Ergative''' | ||
|'' | |''gwylki'' ||''gwylkăn'' | ||
|''guole'' ||''guolon'' | |''guole'' ||''guolon'' | ||
|''morri'' ||''morrăn'' | |''morri'' ||''morrăn'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Vocative''' | |align="right"|'''Vocative''' | ||
|'' | |''gwylky!'' ||''gwylke!'' | ||
|''guolă!'' ||''guolos!'' | |''guolă!'' ||''guolos!'' | ||
|''morry!'' ||''morre!'' | |''morry!'' ||''morre!'' | ||
|} | |||
==== Segolates ==== | |||
"Segolates" come from PBS CVCC- stem nouns. Some segolates (the ones that have fixed accent in PBS) do not change their stems in the plural. | |||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! colspan=2| ''gwéren'' = raven | |||
! colspan=2| ''gwarnó'' = crow | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!singular | |||
!plural | |||
!singular | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |||
|''gwéren'' ||''gwrané'' | |||
|''gwarnó'' || ''gwarnós'' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |||
|''gwerná'' ||''gwranú'' | |||
|''gwarnós'' ||''gwarnú'' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right" |'''Accusative''' | |||
|''gwerná'' ||''gwranú'' | |||
|''gwarnós'' ||''gwarnú'' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right" |'''Oblique-Ergative''' | |||
|''gwerní'' ||''gwranán'' | |||
|''gwarné'' ||''gwarnón'' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Vocative''' | |||
|''gwerný!'' ||''gwrané!'' | |||
|''gwarná!'' ||''gwarnós!'' | |||
|} | |||
===i-stem declension=== | |||
===u-stem declension=== | |||
===ma-declension=== | |||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! colspan=2| ''gwerrma'' = time (m.) | |||
! colspan=2| ''karma'' = punishment (m.) | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!singular | |||
!plural | |||
!singular | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |||
|''gwerrma'' ||''gwerrmyno'' | |||
|''karma'' ||''karmyno'' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |||
|''gwerrmyn'' ||''gwerrmynu'' | |||
|''karmyn'' ||''karmynu'' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right" |'''Accusative''' | |||
|''gwerrma'' ||''gwerrmyno'' | |||
|''karma'' ||''karmyno'' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right" |'''Oblique-Ergative''' | |||
|''gwerrmyni'' ||''gwerrmynăn'' | |||
|''karmyni'' ||''karmynăn'' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Vocative''' | |||
|''gwerrma!'' ||''gwerrmyno!'' | |||
|''karma!'' ||''karmyno!'' | |||
|} | |||
(''karma'' is the in-universe source of English ''karma''; it began as a slang term borrowed from Thurish immigrants.) | |||
===Pronouns=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | |||
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. (familiar) || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl., polite || rowspan="2" | 3pl. || rowspan="2" | refl. | |||
|- | |||
! he || she || it | |||
|- | |||
! nom. | |||
| ''ăh'' || ''tu'' || ''săn'' || ''so'' || ''tăt'' || ''mus'' || ''wus'' || ''se'' || ''-'' | |||
|- | |||
! acc. | |||
| ''myna'' || ''twa'' || ''ja'' || ''jo'' || ''tăt'' || ''năs'' || ''wăs'' || ''jus'' || ''swa'' | |||
|- | |||
! gen. | |||
| ''myn'', possessive ''min'' || ''tyw'', possessive ''tin'' || ''ja'' || ''jos'' || ''ta'' || ''nah'' || ''wah'' || ''juh'' || ''syw'', possessive ''sin'' | |||
|- | |||
! obl. | |||
| ''myni'' || ''twi'' || ''jam'' || ''je'' || ''tam'' || ''nan'' || ''wan'' || ''jun'' || ''swi'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
Thurish has three different regular verb paradigms: | |||
*''-oþ'' verbs (merger of Lithuanian -oti, PS -ati and Lithuanian -ėti, PS -ěti; verbs that come from -ēʔtei become Greekified); e.g. ''jynoþ'' 'to know' (~ Pol. znać, Lith. žinoti); ''uðoþ'' 'to move' (~ Lith. judėti); '' | *''-oþ'' verbs (merger of Lithuanian -oti, PS -ati and Lithuanian -ėti, PS -ěti; verbs that come from -ēʔtei become Greekified); e.g. ''jynoþ'' 'to know' (~ Pol. znać, Lith. žinoti); ''uðoþ'' 'to move' (~ Lith. judėti); ''ustêtoþ'' 'to result (from)' (~ Lith. tekėti) | ||
*''-iþ'' verbs (~ Lithuanian -yti, PS -iti); e.g. ''ărbiþ'' 'to work' | *''-iþ'' verbs (~ Lithuanian -yti, PS -iti); e.g. ''ărbiþ'' 'to work'; ''gwardiþ'' 'to speak' | ||
*''-þ'' or ''-t'' verbs (~ Lithuanian -ti, PS -ti); e.g. ''nest, neþ-'' 'to carry' | *''-þ'' or ''-t'' verbs (~ Lithuanian -ti, PS -ti); e.g. ''nest, neþ-'' 'to carry' | ||
agreement of the participle is with the direct object, unless the object is 1st or 2nd person in which case it's just "hymt es" | |||
''jynoþ'' 'to know': | ''jynoþ'' 'to know': | ||
*Present participle: jynos ( | *Present tense: jynon, jynoh, jyno, jynom, jynoty, jynosaws | ||
*Present participle: jynos (sg), jynosi (pl) | |||
*Past participle: jynot ( | *Past participle: jynot (sg), jynote (pl) | ||
**Past tense: jynot es, jynote sos | **Past tense: jynot es, jynote sos | ||
*Future tense: jynos bûsu, jynos bûs, jynos bus, jynosi | *Future tense: jynos bûsu, jynos bûs, jynos bus, jynosi bûsăm, jynosi bûsty, jynosi bus | ||
*Imperative: jynonu! (sg), jynoþnu! (pl) | |||
''llawbiþ'' 'to love': | |||
*Present tense: llaw'''bd'''on, llawbih, llawbi, llawbim, llawbity, llaw'''bd'''osaws | |||
*Present participle: llaw'''bd'''os (sg), llaw'''bd'''osi (pl) | |||
*Past participle: llawbit (sg), llawbite (pl) | |||
**Past tense: llawbit es, llawbite saws | |||
*Future tense: llawbdos bûsu, llawbdos bûs, llawbdos bus, llawbdosi bûsăm, llawbdosi bûsty, llawbdosi bus | |||
*Imperative: llawbnu! (sg), llawbiþnu! (pl) | |||
(Some ''-iþ'' verbs undergo stem changes in some forms: ''b p d t h g k l r m n w'' > ''bd pt ð þ þ d t ll rr mn nn j'' | |||
Conjugation of ''beroþ'' 'to give birth' (irregular): | Conjugation of ''beroþ'' 'to give birth' (irregular): | ||
*Present tense: | *Present tense: berăn, berăh, ber, berăm, berăty, beras | ||
*Past tense (suppletive, from *eḱs + imti, also split ergative): hymt | *Past tense (suppletive, from *eḱs + imti, also split ergative): hymt es, hymte es | ||
==Sample text== | |||
===UDHR=== | |||
make vocab less slavic | |||
'''''Wyse llawðe sy răðis sobyne i arwyne yn sne gădynaþi i 'n snăn tiestwăn. Saws se yndărote su arrumi i săwesti i saws winyne yþajoþ nopăr inin yn dawsi broþărtwa.'' | |||
/wɨˈsɛ ɬəwˈðɛ sɨ rəˈðis sobɨˈnɛ i arʊɨˈnɛ ɨn snɛ gədɨnaˈθi i‿n snən tiəstˈwən. səws sɛ ɨndərɔˈtɛ su ar̥ʊˈmi i səwɛsˈti i səws winɨˈnɛ θajɔθ ˈnɔpər inˈin ɨn dəwˈsi broθərˈtwa./ | |||
[[Category:Balto-Slavic languages]][[Category: | [[Category:Balto-Slavic languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Indo-European languages]] |
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