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Kirtumur verbs: Difference between revisions
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==Compound verbs== | ==Compound verbs== | ||
There is a limited number of ways to make new verbs in Kirtumur. The most productive way is to combine existing words to make a compound with a different meaning. This process is called [[w:Compound (linguistics)|composition]], for example: ''hatallu'' "to come and go/to go back and forth" (lit. "come-walk"). Some of such compounds cannot be separated by any words or affixes, usually when two words belong to the same class, such as in the previous example, while other compounds act as separate words phonologically. Such compounds are called phrasal verbs: ''namšarkat kapa'' "to rob" (lit."to robbery commit"), ''hulēlim kapa'' "to argue" (lit. "to arguing commit"), ''pēr šama'' "to decorate" (lit. "to hand touch"). Derivational affixes are exceedingly rare, they are no longer productive and became fossilised, apart from the causative and reduplicated forms, for instance: ''taun'' "lightning" – ''taunašna'' "to hit by lightning"; ''tara'' "to split" – ''ektara'' "to ascend". | There is a limited number of ways to make new verbs in Kirtumur. The most productive way is to combine existing words to make a compound with a different meaning. This process is called [[w:Compound (linguistics)|composition]], for example: ''hatallu'' "to come and go/to go back and forth" (lit. "come-walk"). Some of such compounds cannot be separated by any words or affixes, usually when two words belong to the same class, such as in the previous example, while other compounds act as separate words phonologically. Such compounds are called phrasal verbs: ''namšarkat kapa'' "to rob" (lit."to robbery commit"), ''hulēlim kapa'' "to argue" (lit. "to arguing commit"), ''pēr šama'' "to decorate" (lit. "to hand touch"). Derivational affixes are exceedingly rare, they are no longer productive and became fossilised, apart from the causative and reduplicated forms, for instance: ''taun'' "lightning" – ''taunašna'' "to hit by lightning"; ''tara'' "to split" – ''ektara'' "to ascend". | ||
==Reduplication== | |||
Some verbs in their imperfective and perfect forms have special stems, which differ in form from the primary stem. Which verb has such a stem is not entirely unpredictable. These verbs typically have a [[w:Continuous and progressive aspects|progressive]] meaning or are used with collective or plural nouns. A few of the verbs with special stems have paradigms with suppletive | |||
stems instead, for example, the verb "to come" ''hatta'' is ''etat-'' in its aorist forms, but ''hatat-'' in its imperfective. The verb ''lu'' "to go" has a progressive counterpart ''lalak'' ("to go for a walk/to go out"). Most verbs with a special stem, however, have one which is reduplicated. For a monosyllabic verb stems of the C<sub>1</sub>VC<sub>2</sub> type reduplication is straightforward: '''''kaš'''a'' "to sew" – '''''kaškaš'''a'' "to be sewing"; '''''khar'''a'' "to cut" - '''''kharkar'''a'' "to cut into pieces". For larger verb stems or stems with a different shape there are several reduplication patterns: | |||
*C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub> → C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>: ''kecapa'' "to cover/to wear" – ''kecacapa'' "to get dressed"; | |||
*C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>V<sub>3</sub>C<sub>4</sub> → C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>3</sub>V<sub>3</sub>C<sub>4</sub>:''teppala'' "to sink/ subside" – ''tettepala'' "to dive". | |||
These forms are treated as separate words rather then different forms of the same word, because they can often differ in meaning. Old reduplicated verbs, inherited from Proto-Kyrdan, can often show ablaut, especially verbs that contain diphthongs: ''phela'' "to fall" – ''phelpala'' "to be falling down". Ablaut had become non-productive already in Proto-Kyrdan, but its daughter languages preserved some relics of it. Kirtumur preserves ablaut only in derivational morphology as a relic, new verbs cannot be created this way anymore: ''nila'' "to float (by itself)" – ''nala'' "to hover (with an active effort)"; ''hesa'' "to think" – ''hasta'' "to have an idea". | |||
Plurality is typically marked on verbs with suffixes, but some verbs have reduplicated stems instead. These forms should also be treated as separate verbs: ''itume'' "she/he says (intransitive)" – ''tumtumētu'' "they are discussing it (transitive)". | |||
[[Category:Kyrdan]] | [[Category:Kyrdan]] | ||