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Kirtumur verbs: Difference between revisions
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stems instead, for example, the verb "to come" ''hatta'' is ''etat-'' in its aorist forms, but ''hatat-'' in its imperfective. The verb ''lu'' "to go" has a progressive counterpart ''lalak'' ("to go for a walk/to go out"). Most verbs with a special stem, however, have one which is reduplicated. For a monosyllabic verb stems of the C<sub>1</sub>VC<sub>2</sub> type reduplication is straightforward: '''''kaš'''a'' "to sew" – '''''kaškaš'''a'' "to be sewing"; '''''khar'''a'' "to cut" - '''''kharkar'''a'' "to cut into pieces". For larger verb stems or stems with a different shape there are several reduplication patterns: | stems instead, for example, the verb "to come" ''hatta'' is ''etat-'' in its aorist forms, but ''hatat-'' in its imperfective. The verb ''lu'' "to go" has a progressive counterpart ''lalak'' ("to go for a walk/to go out"). Most verbs with a special stem, however, have one which is reduplicated. For a monosyllabic verb stems of the C<sub>1</sub>VC<sub>2</sub> type reduplication is straightforward: '''''kaš'''a'' "to sew" – '''''kaškaš'''a'' "to be sewing"; '''''khar'''a'' "to cut" - '''''kharkar'''a'' "to cut into pieces". For larger verb stems or stems with a different shape there are several reduplication patterns: | ||
*C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub> → C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>: ''kecapa'' "to cover/to wear" – ''kecacapa'' "to get dressed"; | *C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub> → C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>: ''kecapa'' "to cover/to wear" – ''kecacapa'' "to get dressed"; | ||
*C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>V<sub>3</sub>C<sub>4</sub> → C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>3</sub>V<sub>3</sub>C<sub>4</sub>:''teppala'' "to sink/ subside" – ''tettepala'' "to dive". | *C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>V<sub>3</sub>C<sub>4</sub> → C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>3</sub>V<sub>3</sub>C<sub>4</sub>: ''teppala'' "to sink/ subside" – ''tettepala'' "to dive". | ||
These forms are treated as separate words rather then different forms of the same word, because they can often differ in meaning. Old reduplicated verbs, inherited from Proto-Kyrdan, can often show ablaut, especially verbs that contain diphthongs: ''phela'' "to fall" – ''phelpala'' "to be falling down". Ablaut had become non-productive already in Proto-Kyrdan, but its daughter languages preserved some relics of it. Kirtumur preserves ablaut only in derivational morphology as a relic, new verbs cannot be created this way anymore: ''nila'' "to float (by itself)" – ''nala'' "to hover (with an active effort)"; ''hesa'' "to think" – ''hasta'' "to have an idea". | These forms are treated as separate words rather then different forms of the same word, because they can often differ in meaning. Old reduplicated verbs, inherited from Proto-Kyrdan, can often show ablaut, especially verbs that contain diphthongs: ''phela'' "to fall" – ''phelpala'' "to be falling down". Ablaut had become non-productive already in Proto-Kyrdan, but its daughter languages preserved some relics of it. Kirtumur preserves ablaut only in derivational morphology as a relic, new verbs cannot be created this way anymore: ''nila'' "to float (by itself)" – ''nala'' "to hover (with an active effort)"; ''hesa'' "to think" – ''hasta'' "to have an idea". | ||