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Lifashian: Difference between revisions
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====Present==== | ====Present==== | ||
The Lifashian present formations are categorized as follows: | The Lifashian present formations are categorized as follows: | ||
* class I (athematic verbs): root plus any personal suffix, without the ''-á-'' extension for the first person singular. This includes consonant-final roots (such as ''frál-mi'' "I become", ''dey-mi'' "I nurse", or with an epenthetic vowel '' | * class I (athematic verbs): root plus any personal suffix, without the ''-á-'' extension for the first person singular. This includes consonant-final roots (such as ''frál-mi'' "I become", ''dey-mi'' "I nurse", or with an epenthetic vowel ''eˤle-mi'' "I eat"<ref>Synchronically irregular due to consonant assimilation: ''eˤlemi, eˤtsi, eˤti, deˤmas, deˤte, déˤti''.</ref>), but in many cases the Lifashian root ends in a long vowel and reflects an original laryngeal (such as ''mulú-mi'' "I say, speak" (PIE *mléwh₁mi)). The borrowed verbs ''siré-mi'' "I like" and ''guré-mi'' "I write" are also part of this class. | ||
* class II (simple thematic): root plus extended personal suffixes. Overall the most common class, including e.g. ''syúp-ámi'' "I sleep", ''ber-ámi'' "I carry", ''hú-ámi'' "I listen, hear", ''tarp-ámi'' "I dance". | * class II (simple thematic): root plus extended personal suffixes. Overall the most common class, including e.g. ''syúp-ámi'' "I sleep", ''ber-ámi'' "I carry", ''hú-ámi'' "I listen, hear", ''tarp-ámi'' "I dance". | ||
* class III (nasal infix), athematic class with a stressed ''-ne-'' suffix inserted into the root in the singular and a ''-n-'' before the last consonant in the plural. Includes many common verbs, such as e.g. ''pure<ne>s-mi, pure<n>s-mas'' "I/we ask", ''iske<ne>l-mi, iske<n>la-mas'' "I/we have to", ''u<ne>l-mi, u<n>da-mas'' "I/we wash", ''tu<ná>-mi, tu<ná>-mas'' "I/we can" (less regular due to an original root-final laryngeal, still present in the root ''tuh-'', cf. root past ''a-tú-m''). | * class III (nasal infix), athematic class with a stressed ''-ne-'' suffix inserted into the root in the singular and a ''-n-'' before the last consonant in the plural. Includes many common verbs, such as e.g. ''pure<ne>s-mi, pure<n>s-mas'' "I/we ask", ''iske<ne>l-mi, iske<n>la-mas'' "I/we have to", ''u<ne>l-mi, u<n>da-mas'' "I/we wash", ''tu<ná>-mi, tu<ná>-mas'' "I/we can" (less regular due to an original root-final laryngeal, still present in the root ''tuh-'', cf. root past ''a-tú-m''). | ||