886
edits
Tjoc: Difference between revisions
→Participle II of irregular verbs
| Line 2,239: | Line 2,239: | ||
* ''helpan - hilpt - hjalp - hulpon - iholpen''; | * ''helpan - hilpt - hjalp - hulpon - iholpen''; | ||
* ''drinkan - drinkt - dronk - drunkon - idrunken''. | * ''drinkan - drinkt - dronk - drunkon - idrunken''. | ||
===Some paradigms=== | |||
Here are some paradigms of very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning: | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | |||
!'''1st voice''' | |||
!'''2nd voice''' | |||
!'''3rd voice''' | |||
!'''4th voice''' | |||
!'''5th voice''' | |||
!'''Auxiliary''' | |||
!'''Meaning''' | |||
|- | |||
|håban | |||
|haft | |||
|hafte | |||
|hafton | |||
|ihaft | |||
|håban | |||
|''to have'' | |||
|- | |||
|bjon | |||
|jart | |||
|was | |||
|weron | |||
|ibjon | |||
|bjon | |||
|''to be'' | |||
|- | |||
|don | |||
|det | |||
|dide | |||
|didon | |||
|idon | |||
|håban | |||
|''to do'' | |||
|- | |||
|gån | |||
|gåt | |||
|jode | |||
|jodon | |||
|igån | |||
|bjon | |||
|''to go'' | |||
|- | |||
|waran | |||
|wert | |||
|wor | |||
|woron | |||
|iwarn | |||
|bjon | |||
|''to go'' | |||
|- | |||
|frjowan | |||
|frjot | |||
|frjode | |||
|frjodon | |||
|ifrjod | |||
|håban | |||
|''to love'' | |||
|- | |||
|sjon | |||
|set | |||
|sjå | |||
|såwon | |||
|isewen | |||
|håban | |||
|''to see'' | |||
|- | |||
|legan | |||
|lekt | |||
|lekte | |||
|lekton | |||
|ilegen | |||
|bjon | |||
|''to lay'' | |||
|- | |||
|motan | |||
|mot | |||
|moste | |||
|moston | |||
|imoten | |||
|håban | |||
|''to be allowed to'' | |||
|- | |||
|kuman | |||
|kimt | |||
|kom | |||
|komon | |||
|ikumn | |||
|bjon | |||
|''to come'' | |||
|- | |||
|kunnan | |||
|konn | |||
|kůte | |||
|kůton | |||
|ikunnen | |||
|håban | |||
|''can'' | |||
|- | |||
|segan | |||
|sagt | |||
|sagde / såde | |||
|sagdon / sådon | |||
|isagd | |||
|håban | |||
|''to say'' | |||
|- | |||
|hwetan | |||
|hwet | |||
|hwat | |||
|hwådon | |||
|ihwen | |||
|håban | |||
|''to tell'' | |||
|- | |||
|wytan | |||
|wåt | |||
|wisse | |||
|wiston | |||
|iwiten | |||
|håban | |||
|''to know'' | |||
|- | |||
|knåwan | |||
|knaut | |||
|knjow | |||
|knjowon | |||
|iknåwen | |||
|håban | |||
|''to know'' | |||
|- | |||
|willan | |||
|wilt | |||
|wolle | |||
|wollon | |||
|iwiln | |||
|håban | |||
|''to want to'' | |||
|- | |||
|skulan | |||
|shal | |||
|skolle | |||
|skollon | |||
|iskuln | |||
|håban | |||
|''must; to have to'' | |||
|- | |||
|shorwan | |||
|shyrft | |||
|sharf | |||
|shurwon | |||
|ishorwen | |||
|bjon | |||
|''to die'' | |||
|- | |||
|skån | |||
|skaft | |||
|shof | |||
|skowon | |||
|iskån | |||
|håban | |||
|''to make'' | |||
|- | |||
|etan | |||
|et | |||
|at | |||
|åton | |||
|ieten | |||
|håban | |||
|''to eat'' | |||
|- | |||
|mawan | |||
|mag | |||
|myte | |||
|myton | |||
|imawen | |||
|håban | |||
|''to wish'' | |||
|} | |||
===Participle I=== | |||
The participle I corresponds to the present participle. This form, that is often represented with the -ing form in today English, indicates a subject that does usually the action expressed by the verb or that is doing this action just now. Often with this tense the "agentive" is expressed, so, for example, the English "singer" corresponds to both ''singer'' and ''singend'', but the latter is more spread, because the former is considered archaic. | |||
This verbal form can be used as a substantive or an adjective, but, as for the participle II used in this way, it inflects like substantives and adjectives. | |||
The suffix of present participle is ''-(e)nd'' and it can have a plural form (''-end'' / ''-endes'' and some irregular with a vowel change + ''-nd''). Here are some: | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | |||
!'''Infinitive''' | |||
!'''Participle I''' | |||
!'''Meaning''' | |||
|- | |||
|håban | |||
|håbend | |||
|owner, one who has | |||
|- | |||
|bjon | |||
|bjond | |||
|one who is | |||
|- | |||
|don | |||
|dond | |||
|doer | |||
|- | |||
|gån | |||
|gånd | |||
|goer | |||
|- | |||
|waran | |||
|warand | |||
|goer | |||
|- | |||
|frjowan | |||
|frjowend | |||
|lover, one who loves | |||
|- | |||
|sjon | |||
|sjond | |||
|seer, one who sees | |||
|- | |||
|legan | |||
|legend | |||
|one who lays | |||
|- | |||
|lyrnan | |||
|lyrnend | |||
|learner, reader | |||
|- | |||
|motan | |||
|motend | |||
|one who is allowed to | |||
|- | |||
|kuman | |||
|kumend | |||
|one who comes | |||
|- | |||
|kunnan | |||
|kunnend | |||
|one who can | |||
|- | |||
|segan | |||
|segand | |||
|one who says | |||
|- | |||
|hwetan | |||
|hwetend | |||
|one who tells | |||
|- | |||
|wytan | |||
|wytend | |||
|one who knows | |||
|- | |||
|skån | |||
|skånd | |||
|maker, one who makes | |||
|- | |||
|leran | |||
|lerend | |||
|teacher, one who teaches | |||
|} | |||
Some verbs had an older and archaic participle that has become a noun, and these verbs have developed later a regular form for the participle, ex.: ''frjowan'' > ''frjond'' (friend); ''frjowend'' (lover, participle). | |||
There are also substantives that are a present participle of an obsolete and no more used verb, ex.: ''wjond'', enemy, is a participle of the archaic verb ''wjowan'', to hate, that has been substituted with ''hatjan''; ''lind'', lover, is a participle of the archaic verb ''lian'' (that corresponds to English "to love" and is used only in poetry), to desire "carnally". | |||
Participles can add ''-es'' or zero suffix to form the plural form, however the participles that end in ''-jond'' can add the suffix ''-es'' or change ''-jo-'' with ''-y-'', ex.: ''lerend'' > ''lerend''/''es''; ''sjond'' > ''sjondes''/''synd''. | |||