Tjoc: Difference between revisions

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There are also substantives that are a present participle of an obsolete and no more used verb, ex.: ''wjond'', enemy, is a participle of the archaic verb ''wjowan'', to hate, that has been substituted with ''hatjan''; ''lind'', lover, is a participle of the archaic verb ''lian'' (that corresponds to English "to love" and is used only in poetry), to desire "carnally".
There are also substantives that are a present participle of an obsolete and no more used verb, ex.: ''wjond'', enemy, is a participle of the archaic verb ''wjowan'', to hate, that has been substituted with ''hatjan''; ''lind'', lover, is a participle of the archaic verb ''lian'' (that corresponds to English "to love" and is used only in poetry), to desire "carnally".
Participles can add ''-es'' or zero suffix to form the plural form, however the participles that end in ''-jond'' can add the suffix ''-es'' or change ''-jo-'' with ''-y-'', ex.: ''lerend'' > ''lerend''/''es''; ''sjond'' > ''sjondes''/''synd''.
Participles can add ''-es'' or zero suffix to form the plural form, however the participles that end in ''-jond'' can add the suffix ''-es'' or change ''-jo-'' with ''-y-'', ex.: ''lerend'' > ''lerend''/''es''; ''sjond'' > ''sjondes''/''synd''.
===Preterite-present verbs===
Some irregular verbs, such as ''wytan'', belong to the group of the so called "preterite-present verbs": these verbs inflect in the present like they would have to to express past tense, still having a present meaning.
Here is the present indicative of some useful preterite-present verbs:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Duwan''' (to succeed)
!'''Munan''' (to remember)
!'''Turwan''' (to need)
!'''Skulan''' (must)
!'''Durran''' (to dare)
|-
!'''y''' / '''tů''' / '''he'''
|djåg
|mon
|tjarf
|shal
|djarr
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|duwon
|munon
|turwon
|sholon
|durron
|}
The past indicative of these verbs was formed in a regular way (with ''-de'' / ''-te'' endings), but the evolution of the language has made this regularity difficult to be seen. The paradigms of these verbs:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''1st voice'''
!'''2nd voice'''
!'''3rd voice'''
!'''4th voice'''
!'''5th voice'''
|-
|duwan
|djåg
|dote
|doton
|iduwen
|-
|munan
|mon
|munde
|mundon
|imunen
|-
|turwan
|tjarf
|torfte
|torfton
|iturwen
|-
|skulan
|shal
|skolle
|skollon
|iskuln
|-
|durran
|djarr
|dorste
|dorston
|idurn
|}
The auxiliary of the preterite-present verbs is always ''håban''.
===Future===
In Tjoc the future is a perifrastic form that is obtained with the present of the verb ''skulan'' and the infinitive of the verb:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Bjon'''
!'''Lyrnan'''
!'''Wennan'''
|'''Lycan'''
|-
!'''y''' / '''tů''' / '''he'''
|shal bjon
|shal lyrnan
|shal wennan
|shal lycan
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|sholon bjon
|sholon lyrnan
|sholon wennan
|sholon lycan
|}
The future of the verb ''skulan'' is formed with the perifrastic construction: ''skulan + bjon injewed to + infinitive'', ex.:
* ''Tů shal injewed to don het'' - You will have to do it.
Very often this construction is avoided and ''skulan'' is simply used in its present tense:
* ''Tů shal don het'' - You have to do it.
The construction of the future can be used also with an imperative meaning, in this case the verb precedes the subject, ex.:
* ''Shaltů don het!'' - Do it! (Yes, you will do it!).
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